2412516101

MST. MAHBUBA MEHNAZ

“From Paper-Based Transactions to Digital Integration: Legal, Technical, and Economic Dimensions of Electronic Data Interchange under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

“From Paper-Based Transactions to Digital Integration: Legal, Technical, and Economic Dimensions of Electronic Data Interchange under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context
1.2 Rationale of the Study
1.3 Research Problem, Objectives, and Scope
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Public Policy
1.6 Limitations of the Study
1.7 Chapter Outline

Chapter II: Methodological and Analytical Framework

2.1 Research Methodology: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Socio-Legal Approaches
2.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Case Law, Academic Literature, Policy Papers
2.3 Analytical Tools
  2.3.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
  2.3.2 SWOC Grid (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Challenge)
  2.3.3 Conflict Mapping under ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, and CPO 2025
2.4 Theoretical Perspectives
  2.4.1 Law-and-Technology Interface
  2.4.2 Economic Theories of Transaction Costs (Coase, Williamson)
  2.4.3 Cyber-Governance and Digital Infrastructure Models
2.5 Comparative Jurisprudential Method

Chapter III: Conceptual and Historical Evolution of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

3.1 Defining Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
3.2 Historical Development: From Paper-Based Transactions to Global Digital Trade
3.3 Technological Foundations of EDI: Architecture, Protocols, and Standards
3.4 Evolution of EDI in South Asia and Bangladesh
3.5 The Role of Global Trade Bodies (UNCITRAL, WTO, UN/CEFACT)
3.6 EDI and Cryptocurrency-Enabled Digital Commerce

Chapter IV: Legal Framework Governing EDI in Bangladesh

4.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006 and Relevant Amendments
4.2 EDI under Sections 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, and 16 of the ICT Act
4.3 Digital Evidence Framework under the Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
4.4 Regulatory Expansion under DSA 2018, CSA 2023, and Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO) 2025
4.5 National Policies and Digital Governance Instruments
  4.5.1 Digital Bangladesh Vision 2021 & Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041
  4.5.2 National ICT Policy 2018
  4.5.3 e-Governance Interoperability Framework (e-GIF)
4.6 Cross-border EDI: Trade Policies, Customs Regulations, and International Obligations

Chapter V: Comparative International Legal and Policy Framework

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) and EDI Standards
5.2 WTO Law, Trade Facilitation Agreement and Digital Trade Frameworks
5.3 EU eIDAS Regulation, GDPR, and Cross-Border EDI
5.4 U.S. Electronic Signatures Act (ESIGN), UETA, and EDI Governance
5.5 UK Electronic Communications Act and Common Law Approaches
5.6 India’s Information Technology Act, 2000: Lessons for Bangladesh
5.7 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency and Blockchain-Based EDI
  5.7.1 FATF Guidelines
  5.7.2 EU MiCA Regulation
  5.7.3 OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF)

Chapter VI: Technical and Operational Dimensions of EDI Adoption

6.1 Requirements for Electronic Authentication, Encryption, and Hashing
6.2 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Framework in Bangladesh
6.3 Interoperability Standards for Government and Private Sectors
6.4 Cybersecurity Requirements under CPO 2025
6.5 Role of NID, Digital Certificates, and Trusted Service Providers
6.6 Blockchain-Supported EDI: Potentials and Limitations

Chapter VII: Economic and Industrial Impacts of EDI

7.1 Transaction Cost Economics and Efficiency Gains
7.2 Impacts on Banking, Customs, and Trade Facilitation
7.3 Supply Chain Digitization and Industrial Competitiveness
7.4 Barriers to EDI in SMEs and Start-ups
7.5 Impact Assessment Using SWOC Grid
7.6 Economic Justification for State Intervention and Regulation

Chapter VIII: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

8.1 Bangladesh Case Law on Digital Evidence, Electronic Transactions, and E-Governance
  Examples:
  - State vs. Md. Arif (DLR)
  - Farzana Rahman vs. Bangladesh (BLD)
8.2 Indian Jurisprudence on IT Act and EDI
  - K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1
  - Shafhi Mohammad vs. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 2018 SC 579
8.3 Pakistani Cases on Electronic Governance under Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA)
  - PLD 2018 SC 586
8.4 U.K. and U.S. Judicial Perspectives on E-Signatures and E-Contracts
8.5 Comparative Analysis: Standards of Admissibility, Reliability, and Authenticity

Chapter IX: Conflict Mapping of Regulatory Regimes

9.1 Overlaps between ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, and CPO 2025
9.2 Conflicts Between Cybersecurity and Privacy Regulations
9.3 Jurisdictional Conflicts in Cross-Border EDI
9.4 Conflict Mapping Across Statutes using a Structured Analytical Matrix
9.5 Harmonization Challenges in Digital Evidence Handling

Chapter X: Critical Evaluation through Legal Adequacy Matrix

10.1 Normative Adequacy: Alignment with Constitutional Rights
10.2 Procedural Adequacy: Due Process and Evidentiary Standards
10.3 Technological Adequacy: Interoperability, Security, and Reliability
10.4 Institutional Adequacy: Capacity of BCC, DoICT, BTRC, Customs
10.5 Comparative Adequacy with UNCITRAL, ITA 2000, eIDAS

Chapter XI: Stakeholder Analysis and Governance Perspectives

11.1 Government Agencies and Regulatory Institutions
11.2 Private Sector Stakeholders: Banks, Telecom, Supply Chain Industries
11.3 Civil Society, Academia, and Cybersecurity Researchers
11.4 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
11.5 Policy Evaluation through a Participatory Governance Lens

Chapter XII: Findings

12.1 Synthesis of Legal, Technical, and Economic Insights
12.2 Identification of Regulatory Gaps
12.3 Judicial and Comparative Lessons
12.4 Implications for National Digital Transformation

Chapter XIII: Recommendations and Policy Reform

13.1 Legislative Reform Proposals
13.2 Strengthening EDI Governance under ICT Act 2006
13.3 Enhancing Digital Evidence Framework
13.4 Adoption of Blockchain-Enabled EDI
13.5 Interoperability and Cross-Border Data Exchange Policies
13.6 Institutional Capacity Building and Skill Development

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Analysis Grids
• Annexure C: Conflict Mapping Charts
• Annexure D: Summary of Statutory Provisions Relevant to EDI
• Annexure E: Key Global EDI Standards and Protocols

Chapter XVI: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

(Books, journal articles, statutes, case law, policy documents, reports, global instruments)

2410616102

SUMIT BISWAS

“Securing the Digital Supply Chain: A Critical Study of Electronic Data Interchange under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Cybersecurity, Data Integrity, and Trade Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background to Digital Trade and EDI in the Global Economy
1.2 The Rise of Digital Supply Chains and Governance Challenges
1.3 Research Problem and Hypothesis
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Significance for Cybersecurity, Regulatory Reform, and Digital Commerce
1.7 Scope and Limitations
1.8 Organization of the Study

Chapter II: Methodology and Analytical Framework

2.1 Research Approach: Doctrinal, Comparative, Interdisciplinary
2.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Academic Literature, Policy Reports
2.3 Analytical Tools
  2.3.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
  2.3.2 SWOC Grid for Digital Supply Chain Governance
  2.3.3 Conflict Mapping between ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
2.4 Theoretical Frameworks
  2.4.1 Cybersecurity Governance Theory
  2.4.2 Transaction Cost Economics (Coase, Williamson)
  2.4.3 Risk-Based Regulatory Models
2.5 Comparative Jurisprudential Method

Chapter III: Conceptual Foundations of EDI and Digital Supply Chains

3.1 Definition and Characteristics of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
3.2 Evolution from Paper-Based Transactions to Real-Time Digital Integration
3.3 Digital Supply Chain Architecture: Data Flows, Nodes, and Trust Mechanisms
3.4 UNCITRAL, UN/CEFACT, WTO—Global Harmonization of EDI Standards
3.5 Relationship between EDI, Blockchain, and Cryptocurrency-Based Transactions
3.6 Data Integrity and Cyber-Risk Considerations in Digital Supply Chains

Chapter IV: Legal Framework Governing EDI in Bangladesh

4.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Basis for Electronic Records and EDI
4.2 Key Provisions: Sections 5–16 on Recognition, Authentication, and Secure Transactions
4.3 Digital Evidence Governance under Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
4.4 Expanded Cyber-Regulation Framework
  4.4.1 Digital Security Act, 2018
  4.4.2 Cyber Security Act, 2023
  4.4.3 Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO), 2025
4.5 Sector-Specific Instruments: Customs, Trade Facilitation, and Banking Regulations
4.6 National Digital Policy Instruments
  - National ICT Policy 2018
  - Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041
  - e-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF)

Chapter V: Technical, Security, and Operational Dimensions of EDI

5.1 Network Architecture, Protocols, and EDI Standards (EDIFACT, X12, XML)
5.2 Encryption, Authentication, and Non-Repudiation Requirements
5.3 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Regulatory PKI Gaps in Bangladesh
5.4 Cybersecurity Threat Landscape Affecting EDI
  - Data breaches
  - Man-in-the-Middle attacks
  - Supply chain vulnerabilities
5.5 Blockchain and Token-Based EDI Models
5.6 Role of AI in Anomaly Detection and Real-Time Supply Chain Protection

Chapter VI: Comparative Regulatory Approaches to EDI and Digital Supply Chains

6.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
6.2 European Union: eIDAS, GDPR, NIS2 Directive
6.3 USA: UETA, ESIGN Act, NIST Framework
6.4 UK: Electronic Communications Act and Post-Brexit Digital Governance
6.5 India: IT Act 2000, Draft Digital India Act, and EDI in Customs (ICEGATE)
6.6 Global Cryptocurrency Governance Instruments
  - FATF Travel Rule
  - EU MiCA Regulation
  - OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF)

Chapter VII: Economic, Trade, and Industry Implications of EDI in Bangladesh

7.1 Economic Rationale: Efficiency Gains, Reduced Transaction Costs
7.2 Role in Customs Modernization, Export Competitiveness, and Trade Facilitation
7.3 EDI in Banking, RMG Sector, Logistics, and Supply Chain Industries
7.4 Private Sector Readiness and Digital Maturity Assessment
7.5 SWOC Analysis of EDI in Bangladesh
7.6 Cross-border Trade Governance and Regional Digital Corridors

Chapter VIII: Judicial Decisions on Digital Evidence, Data Integrity, and E-Transactions

8.1 Bangladesh Case Law
  - State vs. Md. Arif, 70 DLR (HCD)
  - Farzana Rahman vs. Bangladesh, 23 BLD
  - ACC vs. Md. Shahidul Islam (MLR)
8.2 Indian Supreme Court and High Court Cases
  - K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1
  - Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 2018 SC 579
8.3 Pakistan’s PECA Jurisprudence
  - PLD 2018 SC 586
8.4 United States and UK Case Law on Electronic Signatures and Digital Records
8.5 Cross-Jurisdictional Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter IX: Conflict Mapping of Bangladesh’s Cyber and Digital Trade Laws

9.1 Intersections and Overlaps between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
9.2 Conflicts Between Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Trade Facilitation Objectives
9.3 Inconsistencies in Digital Evidence Standards Across Statutes
9.4 Mapping Conflicts Using Structured Policy Analysis Models
9.5 Implications for Regulatory Coherence and Supply Chain Governance

Chapter X: Evaluation Using Legal Adequacy Matrix

10.1 Normative Adequacy: Constitutional and Human Rights Alignment
10.2 Procedural Adequacy: Transparency, Due Process, and Accountability Mechanisms
10.3 Technological Adequacy: Encryption, PKI, Interoperability Standards
10.4 Institutional Adequacy: Roles of BCC, DoICT, BTRC, NBR, CERT
10.5 Comparative Adequacy with Global Benchmarks (UNCITRAL, EU, US Models)

Chapter XI: Governance, Stakeholder Roles, and Supply Chain Risk Management

11.1 Mapping Stakeholders: Government, Private Sector, Civil Society
11.2 Public-Private Partnerships in Digital Supply Chain Security
11.3 The Role of Banks, Shipping Lines, Telecom, and Customs Agencies
11.4 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models and International Best Practices
11.5 Risk Management Frameworks for EDI-Enabled Supply Chains

Chapter XII: Findings

12.1 Synthesis of Legal, Technical, and Security Insights
12.2 Identification of Regulatory and Operational Gaps
12.3 Judicial Trends and Comparative Lessons
12.4 Implications for Cybersecurity and Trade Governance

Chapter XIII: Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Policy Reform for Strengthening EDI Governance
13.2 Introducing Unified Digital Trade and Cybersecurity Framework
13.3 Strengthening Digital Forensics and Evidence Standards
13.4 Establishing National PKI Infrastructure and Blockchain Integration
13.5 Enhancing Interoperability and Cross-Border Data Flows
13.6 Capacity Development for Regulators, Courts, and Industry

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Grid for EDI in Bangladesh
• Annexure C: Conflict Mapping Diagrams
• Annexure D: List of Key Statutory Provisions
• Annexure E: Summary of Global EDI Standards (EDIFACT, X12, XML)

Chapter XVI: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

(Complete list of books, journal articles, statutes, case laws, policy documents, reports, and global instruments)

2410616103

MD. GOHOR AFSHAN JAMIL

“Legal Certainty in a Networked Economy: The Recognition of Electronic Data Interchange in Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Comparative Relevance to UNCITRAL and WTO Frameworks”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Legal Certainty in a Digitally Networked Global Economy
1.2 The Rise of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in Trade, Governance, and Digital Commerce
1.3 Research Problem, Core Arguments, and Hypothesis
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Significance for Law, Cyber-Governance, and International Trade Regimes
1.7 Scope, Delimitations, and Limitations
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology and Analytical Framework

2.1 Doctrinal, Comparative, and Interdisciplinary Research Approaches
2.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Case Law Repositories, Academic Journals, Policy Reports
2.3 Analytical Tools for Evaluation
  2.3.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
  2.3.2 SWOC Grid for Digital Regulatory Systems
  2.3.3 Conflict Mapping under Domestic and International Legal Regimes
2.4 Theoretical Frameworks
  2.4.1 Legal Certainty and Rule-of-Law Theory
  2.4.2 Transaction Cost Economics and Digital Trade Theory
  2.4.3 Network Governance and Platform Regulation
2.5 Comparative Methodology: Cross-Jurisdictional and Institutional Analysis

Chapter III: Conceptual and Historical Foundations of Electronic Data Interchange

3.1 Defining Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Legal, Technical, and Functional Dimensions
3.2 Evolution of EDI from Paper-Based Transactions to Digital Networks
3.3 EDI in the Context of the Digital Economy and Supply Chain Integration
3.4 Relationship between EDI, Cryptography, Blockchain, and Cryptocurrency-Driven Systems
3.5 Role of UNCITRAL, UN/CEFACT, WTO, and OECD in Standardizing Electronic Transactions
3.6 Importance of EDI for Legal Certainty, Predictability, and Global Trade

Chapter IV: Domestic Legal Framework Governing EDI in Bangladesh

4.1 Recognition of Electronic Records and EDI under the ICT Act, 2006
  - Sections 5–16: Legal validity, authentication, secure digital signatures
4.2 Relevance of Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended):
  - Admissibility, reliability, and integrity of electronic records
4.3 Expanded Cyber Regulation Architecture
  4.3.1 Digital Security Act, 2018
  4.3.2 Cyber Security Act, 2023
  4.3.3 Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO), 2025
4.4 Complementary Statutes and Instruments
  - Customs Act, Banking Regulations, Electronic Transfer Guidelines
4.5 National Policy Documents
  - National ICT Policy 2018
  - Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041
  - e-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF)
4.6 Evaluation of Bangladesh’s EDI Ecosystem Using SWOC Analysis

Chapter V: Technical, Operational, and Integrity Dimensions of EDI

5.1 EDI Architecture: Formats, Protocols, and Communication Standards
5.2 Requirements for Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
5.3 Digital Signatures, PKI Infrastructure, and Trust Service Providers
5.4 Cybersecurity Threats to EDI and Digital Supply Chains
5.5 Blockchain, Tokenization, and Smart Contracts: Comparative Benefits and Risks
5.6 Integration of AI and Machine Learning for Data Verification and Security

Chapter VI: Comparative International Frameworks (UNCITRAL, WTO, EU, USA, India)

6.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) and EDI Provisions
6.2 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001)
6.3 WTO Agreements relevant to digital trade and EDI
  - GATS
  - TRIPS
  - Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)
6.4 European Union
  - eIDAS Regulation
  - GDPR and Digital Integrity Standards
6.5 USA
  - UETA
  - ESIGN Act
6.6 India
  - Information Technology Act, 2000
  - Electronic Evidence Jurisprudence
6.7 Global Cryptocurrency Governance Instruments
  - FATF Travel Rule
  - EU MiCA Regulation
  - OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF)
6.8 Lessons for Bangladesh from Comparative Frameworks

Chapter VII: Judicial Interpretation of EDI, Electronic Records, and Digital Evidence

7.1 Bangladesh Case Law
  - State vs. Md. Arif, 70 DLR
  - Farzana Rahman vs. Bangladesh, 23 BLD
  - ACC vs. Md. Shahidul Islam (MLR)
7.2 Indian Supreme Court and High Court Precedents
  - K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1
  - Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 2018 SC 579
7.3 Pakistan
  - PLD 2018 SC 586
7.4 United Kingdom & United States Decisions on Electronic Signatures and Digital Records
7.5 Judicial Standards of Reliability, Authenticity, and Chain-of-Custody
7.6 Comparative Judicial Trends and Their Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Conflict Mapping Across Domestic and International Legal Regimes

8.1 Overlaps and Conflicts between ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, and CPO 2025
8.2 Conflict Between Cybersecurity Regulations and Trade Facilitation Norms
8.3 Inter-jurisdictional Conflicts in Cross-Border EDI Transactions
8.4 Conflicts Between Digital Evidence Standards in Bangladesh and UNCITRAL Guidelines
8.5 Analytical Conflict Mapping and Synthesis

Chapter IX: Assessing Legal Certainty Using the Legal Adequacy Matrix

9.1 Normative Adequacy: Clarity, Predictability, Alignment with Constitutional Standards
9.2 Procedural Adequacy: Admissibility, Due Process, and Enforcement Mechanisms
9.3 Technological Adequacy: Encryption, PKI, Interoperability
9.4 Institutional Adequacy: Courts, Regulators, Trade Bodies, BTRC, NBR, DoICT
9.5 Comparative Adequacy Benchmarking with UNCITRAL, WTO, EU, and US Frameworks

Chapter X: Governance, Institutional Roles, and Stakeholder Interactions

10.1 Mapping Public and Private Sector Stakeholders
10.2 Governance Challenges in Networked Digital Economies
10.3 Public–Private Partnership Models
10.4 Role of BCC, NBR, BTRC, Banks, Telecom & Supply Chain Operators
10.5 International Best Practices in EDI Governance and Digital Trade Facilitation

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Technical, and Comparative Insights
11.2 Identification of Legal, Institutional, and Technological Gaps
11.3 Assessment of Judicial Trends and International Alignment
11.4 Implications for Digital Trade, Cybersecurity, and Legal Certainty

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Reform Proposals for Strengthening EDI Recognition
12.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL and WTO Frameworks
12.3 Strengthening Digital Evidence and Cybersecurity Mechanisms
12.4 Development of National PKI and Blockchain-Based EDI Systems
12.5 Enhancing Institutional Capacity, Training, and Cross-Border Cooperation
12.6 Policy Roadmap for Legal Certainty in the Networked Economy

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Analysis for EDI in Bangladesh
• Annexure C: Conflict Mapping Charts
• Annexure D: Key Provisions of ICT Act, Evidence Act & Relevant Cyber Laws
• Annexure E: International Standards (UNCITRAL, WTO, EU, USA, India) Summary

Chapter XV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

(Books, journals, statutes, case law, policy documents, international treaties, reports)

2410916104

MD. HRIDOY RANA

“The Infrastructure of Digital Trust: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Electronic Data Interchange under Section 4 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context
1.2 Evolution of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in Bangladesh
1.3 Rationale of the Study
1.4 Research Problems and Core Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Article
1.6 Significance and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.7 Scope and Limitations
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Historical Roots and Current Definitions
2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Digital Trust

• 2.2.1 Luhmann’s Trust Theory
• 2.2.2 Socio-technical Systems Theory
• 2.2.3 Cyber-Legal Trust Models
  2.3 Interdisciplinary Nexus: Law, Technology, Governance, and Behavioral Economics
  2.4 Digital Trust Infrastructure in Global Contexts
  2.5 Conceptual Mapping: EDI, Authentication, and Secure Electronic Records

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Foundations

3.1 Overview of ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Statutory Analysis of Section 4: Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
3.3 Interaction with

• The Digital Security Act, 2018
• The Cyber Security Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended)
• Penal Code, 1860
  3.4 Doctrinal Interpretation of EDI and Electronic Records
  3.5 Compliance Requirements for Public and Private Entities
  3.6 Legal Adequacy Matrix for EDI under Bangladesh Laws

Chapter IV: Methodology

4.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative & Socio-Legal Methods
4.2 Sources of Data

• Primary Sources (Statutes, Rules, Case Law)
• Secondary Sources (Books, Journals, Reports)
  4.3 Analytical Tools
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
  4.4 Criteria for Case and Literature Selection
  4.5 Limitations of Research Methods

Chapter V: Comparative International Perspectives

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce
5.2 EU Electronic Identification and Trust Services Regulation (eIDAS)
5.3 UK Electronic Communications Act
5.4 U.S. E-SIGN Act & UETA Framework
5.5 ASEAN and Regional E-Governance Models
5.6 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance
5.7 Lessons for Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis

Chapter VI: Digital Trust and Electronic Data Interchange in Practice

6.1 EDI in Government Services (G2C, G2B, G2G)
6.2 EDI Adoption in the Banking and Financial Sector
6.3 Supply Chain Management, Corporate Governance, and E-Contracting
6.4 Cybersecurity Standards, NITTP, NDS, and National Digital Policies
6.5 Challenges in Authentication, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
6.6 Institutional Infrastructure for Digital Trust (BTRC, Digital Security Agency, CERT, CIRT)

Chapter VII: Evaluation of Judicial Decisions

7.1 Key Bangladesh Cases Interpreting Electronic Evidence

• State vs. Md. Arif (DLR)
• Super Tel vs. Bangladesh Telecommunication (BLT)
• Relevant High Court Division Decisions on ICT Act
  7.2 Indian Precedents
• Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR/SCC
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC
  7.3 Pakistan Cases (PLD, SCMR)
  7.4 UK and US Precedents on Electronic Records and EDI
  7.5 Judicial Treatment of Blockchain, E-Contracts, and Smart Evidence
  7.6 Critical Analysis of Court Approaches to Digital Trust

Chapter VIII: Interdisciplinary Analysis—Technology, Law, and Risk

8.1 Cryptography, Hashing, and Digital Signatures
8.2 Blockchain-based EDI Models
8.3 Data Integrity and Risk Management
8.4 Behavioral Economics of Trust in Digital Transactions
8.5 Cybersecurity Threats and Cross-Border Data Flows
8.6 The Digital Trust Ecosystem: A Systems Approach

Chapter IX: Conflict Mapping and Governance Challenges

9.1 Conflicts Among ICT Act, DSA, CSA, and Evidence Act Provisions
9.2 Conflicting Regulatory Mandates Between Agencies
9.3 Constitutional Issues: Privacy, Expression, Due Process
9.4 Cross-Border EDI Disputes (Jurisdiction & Enforcement)
9.5 Algorithmic Accountability & AI-Generated Data
9.6 SWOC Grid for Bangladesh’s EDI Governance Landscape

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesis of Legal, Technological, and Governance Insights
10.2 Adequacy of Section 4 in Ensuring Digital Trust
10.3 Identified Gaps in Enforcement, Policy, and Institutional Capacity
10.4 Evaluation Using the Legal Adequacy Matrix
10.5 Interdisciplinary Interpretation of Findings

Chapter XI: Findings and Policy Implications

11.1 Key Research Findings
11.2 Implications for Regulatory Reform
11.3 Stakeholder Impact Assessment
11.4 Technological and Institutional Readiness
11.5 Implications for Courts, Policymakers, and Private Sector

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Reforming ICT Act, DSA, CSA & Evidence Act for EDI Governance
12.2 Strengthening Digital Trust Infrastructure
12.3 Enhancing Cybersecurity and Cryptographic Standards
12.4 Policy Recommendations for Government and Private Entities
12.5 Proposed Model Framework for EDI Management in Bangladesh
12.6 roadmap for a Harmonized Digital Trust Ecosystem

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Contributions
13.2 Future Directions for Research
13.3 Concluding Reflections

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Analysis Chart
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Summary Tables of Cases (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA)
E. Extracts from Key Statutes and Policy Documents
F. Technical Flowcharts for EDI Processes

2410916105

FOYSAL AHMED HASAN

“Beyond Machines Talking: Jurisprudential, Policy, and Ethical Implications of Legal Recognition of Electronic Data Interchange under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: From Mechanical Records to Intelligent EDI
1.2 The Rise of Machine-to-Machine Communication in Law
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Interdisciplinary Significance (Law, Technology, Ethics, Policy)
1.7 Scope and Limitations
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual, Jurisprudential, and Theoretical Framework

2.1 What Is Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)?
2.2 Jurisprudential Foundations of Digital Recognition

• 2.2.1 Legal Realism
• 2.2.2 Analytical Positivism
• 2.2.3 Socio-Legal Theory
• 2.2.4 Law and Technology Theories
  2.3 Philosophical and Ethical Theories on Machine Agency
  2.4 Trust, Legitimacy, and Digital Interactions: Theoretical Mapping
  2.5 Key Concepts: Authenticity, Integrity, Attribution, Reliability
  2.6 Conceptual Diagram: Human–Machine–Law Interface

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Overview of ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Section 4—Legal Recognition of Electronic Records: Scope and Interpretation
3.3 Intersections with:

• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cyber Security Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
• Penal Code, 1860
  3.4 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh Vision, Cyber Policy, NITTP, ICT Policy
  3.5 Mapping Bangladesh’s EDI Governance Structure
  3.6 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 4 and Related Provisions

Chapter IV: Methodology

4.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Methods
4.2 Jurisprudential and Ethical Inquiry Approaches
4.3 Technological and Policy Analysis Methods
4.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Papers, Journals
4.5 Analytical Tools

• SWOC Grid
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• Conflict Mapping
  4.6 Case Selection Criteria
  4.7 Limitations of Research Method

Chapter V: Global Perspectives and Comparative Legal Analysis

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws on E-Commerce & Electronic Signatures
5.2 EU eIDAS Regulation (Electronic Identification & Trust Services)
5.3 U.S. E-SIGN Act and UETA
5.4 UK Electronic Communications Act
5.5 ASEAN EDI and Trust Framework Models
5.6 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance
5.7 Lessons for Bangladesh from Comparative Practices

Chapter VI: Jurisprudential Analysis of Key Judicial Decisions

6.1 Bangladesh Jurisprudence

• Notable High Court & Appellate Division Decisions (DLR, BLD, MLR, SCOB, BLT, CLC, LG)
• Electronic evidence decisions post-amendment of Evidence Act
  6.2 Indian Precedents
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC)
• Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh (AIR/SCC)
  6.3 Pakistan Cases
• PLD and SCMR decisions on electronic evidence and digital records
  6.4 UK & US Cases
• Precedents on digital signatures, EDI, machine-generated evidence
  6.5 Jurisprudential Themes: Attribution, Reliability, Machine Errors
  6.6 Comparative Court Approaches to Machine-Generated Evidence

Chapter VII: Ethical and Policy Dimensions of Legal Recognition of EDI

7.1 Algorithmic Responsibility: Who Is Liable for Machine Errors?
7.2 Ethical Questions in Machine-to-Machine Communications
7.3 Data Governance, Privacy, and Surveillance Concerns
7.4 Implications for Freedom of Expression: DSA, CSA Perspectives
7.5 Policy Gaps in Regulating AI-Driven EDI
7.6 Stakeholder Perspectives: Government—Industry—Citizens

Chapter VIII: Technology, Security, and Governance of EDI

8.1 Digital Identity Infrastructure & Authentication
8.2 Cybersecurity Architecture (CIRT, CERT, BTRC, Digital Security Agency)
8.3 Blockchain-Based EDI & Smart Contract Ecosystems
8.4 Cryptography, Hashing, and Data Integrity Mechanisms
8.5 Cross-Border Data Flows and Jurisdictional Conflicts
8.6 Risk Assessment of EDI Systems: A Socio-Technical View

Chapter IX: Conflict Mapping and Institutional Challenges

9.1 Conflicts between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, Evidence Act, and CPO 2025
9.2 Institutional Overlaps in Regulatory Governance
9.3 Inconsistencies in Policy Implementation
9.4 Constitutional Issues: Privacy, Equality, and Due Process
9.5 SWOC Grid of Bangladesh’s EDI Legal Regime
9.6 Conflict Mapping Diagram: Legal–Technological–Ethical Tensions

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesis of Jurisprudential, Policy, and Ethical Findings
10.2 Evaluating Section 4 Through the Legal Adequacy Matrix
10.3 Is Bangladesh Ready for Machine-Reliant Evidence?
10.4 Gaps in Legal Doctrine, Institutional Capacity, and Technical Infrastructure
10.5 Interdisciplinary Discussion: Law, Ethics, and Technology in Collision

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Key Findings from Legal Analysis
11.2 Policy-Level Findings
11.3 Technological and Security Findings
11.4 Ethical Findings
11.5 Summary of Conflicts and Gaps

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Reform Proposals (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, CPO)
12.2 Ethical Guidelines for Machine-Generated Evidence
12.3 Institutional Capacity-Building Measures
12.4 Technological Upgrade Recommendations
12.5 Comparative Framework for EDI Governance
12.6 Roadmap for a Trustworthy Digital Legal Ecosystem

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Concluding Arguments
13.2 Contributions to Literature
13.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Analysis (Detailed Grid)
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Comparative Chart of Global EDI Laws
E. Summary of Major Judicial Decisions (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA)
F. Extracts from Key Policy Documents
G. Technical Flowcharts and EDI Protocol Illustrations

2410916106

MD. TOUHIDUZZAMAN

“Electronic Data Interchange and the Future of E-Governance: Legal and Institutional Challenges under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh within the Context of Digital Transformation”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: E-Governance, Digital Transformation, and EDI
1.2 The Role of Electronic Data Interchange in Public Administration
1.3 Rationale of the Study
1.4 Problem Statement
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Objectives of the Research
1.7 Interdisciplinary Importance (Law–Technology–Governance)
1.8 Scope and Limitations
1.9 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Definitions & Models
2.2 Concept of E-Governance: Administrative, Legal, and Technological Perspectives
2.3 Theoretical Approaches

• 2.3.1 Legal Positivism and Digital Recognition
• 2.3.2 Socio-Legal Theory of Digital Governance
• 2.3.3 Public Administration and Institutional Theory
• 2.3.4 Ethics and Digital Public Services
  2.4 Conceptual Clarifications: Data Integrity, Authentication, Non-Repudiation
  2.5 EDI in Global Digital Governance Trends
  2.6 Conceptual Diagram of EDI–E-Governance Integration

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework of EDI in Bangladesh

3.1 Overview of ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Section 4: Legal Recognition of Electronic Records (Doctrinal Analysis)
3.3 Interrelation with:

• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cyber Security Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
• Penal Code, 1860
  3.4 Administrative Law Dimensions: Ultra Vires, Procedural Fairness, and Cyber Governance
  3.5 Government Policy Documents Relevant to E-Governance
• Digital Bangladesh Vision
• National ICT Policy
• National Cybersecurity Strategy
• E-Government Master Plan
  3.6 Institutional Responsibilities (BTRC, CIRT, a2i, DSA Authority, Cabinet Division)
  3.7 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Evaluating EDI Provisions

Chapter IV: Methodology

4.1 Doctrinal Research Method
4.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
4.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis Methods
4.4 Case Law Analysis: Selection Criteria & Data Sources
4.5 Interdisciplinary Method (Tech–Law–Governance)
4.6 Analytical Tools

• SWOC Grid
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• Conflict Mapping
  4.7 Limitations of the Methodology

Chapter V: Comparative Perspectives on EDI and E-Governance

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
5.2 European Union: eIDAS, GDPR, Digital Governance Tools
5.3 United States: E-SIGN Act and UETA
5.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act
5.5 India: IT Act, 2000 and E-Governance Framework
5.6 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency and Digital Transactions
5.7 Comparative Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter VI: Jurisprudential and Judicial Analysis

6.1 Bangladeshi Cases on Electronic Records and Digital Evidence

• Decisions under DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, LG, BLT
  6.2 Judicial Interpretation of Section 4 and Related Provisions
  6.3 Indian Case Law
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC/AIR)
• Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh
  6.4 Pakistan (PLD, SCMR Decisions)
  6.5 UK & US cases on EDI, digital signatures, and digital governance
  6.6 Judicial Themes: Evidentiary Reliability, Authenticity, Chain of Custody
  6.7 Divergence in Judicial Approaches: A Comparative Analysis

Chapter VII: Institutional and Governance Challenges

7.1 Administrative Readiness of Public Sector Entities
7.2 Coordination Challenges among Regulatory Authorities
7.3 Bureaucratic Resistance, Capacity Gaps, and Training Deficits
7.4 Cybersecurity Challenges in Public Administration
7.5 Public Procurement and EDI Integration Issues
7.6 Interoperability Barriers across Ministries and Agencies
7.7 Institutional Conflict Mapping

Chapter VIII: Technology, Security, and Infrastructure Concerns

8.1 Technical Architecture of EDI Systems
8.2 Data Security, Encryption, and Authentication Systems
8.3 Blockchain-Based EDI Models for Public Sector Use
8.4 Cyber Threat Landscape in E-Governance
8.5 Cross-Border Data Transfer and Jurisdictional Challenges
8.6 Cloud Computing, AI, and Machine-Generated Data Issues
8.7 Risk Assessment Models for Government EDI

Chapter IX: Policy and Ethical Considerations

9.1 Ethical Implications of Digital Transformation in Government
9.2 Data Privacy, Surveillance Concerns, and Regulatory Boundaries
9.3 Algorithmic Decision-Making and Automated Governance
9.4 Public Trust, Transparency, and Administrative Legitimacy
9.5 Policy Gaps in Bangladesh’s Digital Governance Framework
9.6 Impact of Digital Ecosystems on Citizen Rights

Chapter X: Conflict Mapping and SWOC Analysis

10.1 Statutory Conflicts among ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
10.2 Overlapping Jurisdiction and Regulatory Ambiguities
10.3 SWOC Grid for Bangladesh’s EDI and E-Governance Ecosystem
10.4 Conflict Mapping Diagram: Legal–Institutional–Technical Tensions
10.5 Implications for Rule of Law and Administrative Efficiency

Chapter XI: Discussion

11.1 Synthesis of Legal, Institutional, and Technological Analyses
11.2 Evaluating Government Readiness for Large-Scale EDI Adoption
11.3 The Future of EDI-Driven E-Governance in Bangladesh
11.4 Reconciling Policy, Law, and Administrative Practices
11.5 Addressing Institutional Fragmentation
11.6 Long-Term Digital Governance Prospects

Chapter XII: Findings

12.1 Key Legal Findings
12.2 Institutional and Governance Findings
12.3 Technological and Security Findings
12.4 Jurisprudential Findings
12.5 Policy-Level Findings
12.6 Summary of Core Challenges

Chapter XIII: Recommendations

13.1 Legislative Amendments (ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA, DSA, CPO)
13.2 Institutional Reforms and Capacity Building
13.3 Strengthening Cybersecurity Infrastructure
13.4 Harmonization with Global E-Governance and EDI Standards
13.5 Ethical Framework for Digital Public Services
13.6 Roadmap for Digital Transformation of Government

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

14.1 Concluding Arguments
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship
14.3 Implications for Future Research

Chapter XV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI: Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Analysis Table
C. Conflict Mapping Chart
D. Comparative Legal Tables (UNCITRAL, EU, USA, India)
E. Key Judicial Decision Summaries
F. E-Governance Architecture Models
G. Technical Diagrams of EDI Functionality

2411016107

TONMOY KUMER SAHA

“The Standardization Dilemma: A Legal and Technological Examination of Electronic Data Interchange in Bangladesh under the ICT Act, 2006 and its Global Interoperability Challenges”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: EDI, Digital Trade, and Standardization Challenges
1.2 The Interoperability Problem in Global Digital Commerce
1.3 Rationale for Examining EDI under the ICT Act, 2006
1.4 Problem Statement and Research Justification
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Objectives of the Study
1.7 Interdisciplinary Significance (Law–Technology–Economics)
1.8 Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions
1.9 Chapter Outline

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Understanding Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Models, Architecture, and Use Cases
2.2 Standardization Theory in Digital Systems
2.3 Interoperability Frameworks in Global Digital Trade
2.4 Legal Theories Relevant to Digital Standardization

• 2.4.1 Legal Formalism and Technological Neutrality
• 2.4.2 Sociotechnical Systems Perspective
  2.5 Distinguishing EDI from Blockchain, API-based Integration, and AI-Driven Data Exchange
  2.6 Conceptual Map of EDI Interoperability in Global and Domestic Contexts

Chapter III: Regulatory and Legislative Framework for EDI in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Doctrinal Analysis with Special Focus on Section 4
3.2 Supplementary Legal Regimes

• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cyber Security Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended Provisions on Electronic Records)
• Penal Code, 1860 (Applicable Provisions)
  3.3 National Policy Documents
• National ICT Policy
• Digital Bangladesh Vision
• National Cybersecurity Strategy
• E-Government Interoperability Frameworks
  3.4 Institutional Ecosystem: BTRC, CIRT, a2i, Cabinet Division
  3.5 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Evaluating Bangladesh’s EDI Standardization Capability

Chapter IV: Methodology

4.1 Doctrinal Legal Research Approach
4.2 Comparative Analysis Method
4.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
4.4 Case Law Selection Criteria
4.5 Technological Assessment Methodology
4.6 Analytical Tools

• SWOC Grid
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• Conflict Mapping
  4.7 Limitations of the Methodology

Chapter V: Global Standards and International Legal Frameworks

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws (MLEC, MLES, MLETR)
5.2 WTO Disciplines on Digital Trade and Technical Barriers
5.3 ISO, UN/CEFACT, and EDIFACT Standards
5.4 EU Interoperability Models (eIDAS, GDPR, Digital Single Market)
5.5 U.S. E-SIGN Act, UETA, and Federal EDI Standards
5.6 India’s IT Act, 2000 and National EDI Architecture
5.7 Global Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance Instruments Relevant to EDI
5.8 Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter VI: Jurisprudential and Judicial Analysis

6.1 Bangladeshi Case Law on Electronic Records, E-Governance, and Digital Evidence

• Illustrative citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG
  6.2 Statutory Interpretation of Section 4 and Related Provisions
  6.3 Indian Jurisprudence
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC/AIR)
• Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh
  6.4 Pakistan’s Judicial Approach (PLD, SCMR)
  6.5 UK and USA Case Law on EDI, Digital Signatures, and Interoperability
  6.6 Courts’ Views on Authentication, Non-Repudiation, and Chain of Custody
  6.7 Judicial Trends: Harmonization, Evidentiary Reliability, and Digital Governance

Chapter VII: The Standardization Dilemma in Bangladesh

7.1 Lack of Unified Standards for EDI Implementation
7.2 Fragmentation Across Public and Private Sector Systems
7.3 Regulatory Ambiguities and Overlapping Authorities
7.4 Challenges of Cross-Ministerial Data Exchange
7.5 Interoperability Conflicts with International Standards
7.6 National vs. Global Compliance Pressures
7.7 Institutional Conflict Mapping

Chapter VIII: Technological and Security Barriers to Interoperability

8.1 Comparative Analysis of Existing EDI Technologies in Bangladesh
8.2 Technical Incompatibilities Across Digital Platforms
8.3 Cybersecurity Threats to EDI Systems
8.4 Data Integrity, Encryption, and Authentication Issues
8.5 Blockchain-Based EDI Models and Their Feasibility
8.6 Cloud-Based EDI and Cross-Border Data Flows
8.7 AI-Generated EDI Data: Emerging Challenges

Chapter IX: Economic and Governance Implications of EDI Standardization

9.1 Trade Facilitation and Digital Supply Chain Integration
9.2 Transaction Costs, Efficiency Gains, and Macroeconomic Impacts
9.3 Public Procurement and Cross-Agency Coordination
9.4 Administrative Efficiency and E-Governance Readiness
9.5 Digital Sovereignty and National Competitiveness
9.6 Stakeholder Analysis: Industry, State, and International Actors

Chapter X: Conflict Mapping, SWOC, and Legal Adequacy Analysis

10.1 Conflicts Among ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, Evidence Act
10.2 Inter-Agency Overlaps and Legal Fragmentation
10.3 SWOC Grid for EDI Interoperability in Bangladesh
10.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Standardization Compliance
10.5 Implications for Rule of Law, Technology Governance, and E-Trade

Chapter XI: Discussion

11.1 Synthesizing Legal, Technological, and Economic Findings
11.2 Bangladesh’s EDI Standardization Gap in a Global Context
11.3 Feasibility of Harmonization with UNCITRAL and WTO Norms
11.4 Identifying the Core Sources of Interoperability Failures
11.5 Impacts on E-Governance, Trade Governance, and Regulatory Design

Chapter XII: Findings

12.1 Key Legal Findings
12.2 Technological Findings
12.3 Institutional and Governance Findings
12.4 Jurisprudential Findings
12.5 Comparative and International Standards Findings
12.6 Summary of Bangladesh’s Standardization Dilemma

Chapter XIII: Recommendations

13.1 Legislative Amendments (ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA, CPO, DSA)
13.2 Establishing a National Interoperability and Standardization Authority
13.3 Strengthening Technical Infrastructure and Cybersecurity Capacities
13.4 Harmonizing National Standards with Global Models
13.5 Developing Cross-Border EDI Protocols for Trade Facilitation
13.6 Public-Private Partnerships and International Cooperation
13.7 Long-Term EDI Standardization Roadmap

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

14.1 Concluding Observations
14.2 Contributions to Legal and Technological Scholarship
14.3 Implications for Future Research

Chapter XV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI: Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Analysis Table
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Comparative Table of International EDI Standards
E. Judicial Decision Summaries
F. Technical Models of EDI Integration
G. Institutional Structure Charts

2410916108

MD. SAZIDUR RAHMAN

“Towards a Seamless Digital Economy: Reforming the Framework for Electronic Data Interchange under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 to Align with Emerging Global Cyber Law and Trade Governance Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale
1.2 Research Problem and Core Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Limitations, and Delimitation of Research
1.5 Significance for Digital Economy, Cyber Law, and E-Governance
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual Foundations of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

2.1 Defining EDI: Technological, Legal, and Economic Perspectives
2.2 Evolution of EDI Standards: EDIFACT, XML, ANSI X12, and API-Based Integration
2.3 EDI in Global Digital Trade Systems and Cross-Border Transactions
2.4 Legal Theory Context: Automating Intent, Jurisprudence of Machine-Generated Communications
2.5 Relationship Between EDI, Data Protection, Cryptographic Security, and Blockchain
2.6 Review of Scholarly Literature, Doctrinal Commentaries, and Global Practice

Chapter III — Legal Framework Governing EDI in Bangladesh

3.1 Statutory Analysis of ICT Act 2006 (Section 4 and Related Provisions)
3.2 ICT Act 2006 → DSA 2018 → CSA 2023: Continuities and Divergences
3.3 Intersections with Evidence Act 1872 (as amended), Contract Act 1872, Penal Code 1860
3.4 Compatibility with Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025 (CPO 2025) and National Digital Strategy
3.5 Policy Documents: National ICT Policy, Digital Commerce Policy, Cybersecurity Frameworks
3.6 Jurisprudential Analysis: Key Judicial Decisions (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA)
 – XYZ Ltd v. ABC Technologies, 72 DLR (HCD) …
 – Tamil Nadu v. State of India, AIR …
 – So-and-So v. Federal Government of Pakistan, PLD …
3.7 Doctrinal Adequacy and Implementation Gaps

Chapter IV — International and Comparative Legal Standards

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce and E-Signatures
4.2 WTO Digital Trade Frameworks, E-Transaction Norms, and Cross-Border Data Rules
4.3 OECD, ASEAN, EU (GDPR, eIDAS), UK, and US EDI Regulatory Models
4.4 Global Trends in Cryptocurrency Governance Affecting EDI Security
4.5 Lessons from Cross-Jurisdictional Case Law
4.6 Compatibility Assessment with Bangladesh’s Current Cyber-Legal Regime

Chapter V — Methodology

5.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Socio-Legal Methods
5.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Cases, Policy Documents, Scholarly Articles
5.3 Analytical Tools Used
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping Framework
5.4 Limitations and Reliability of Evidence

Chapter VI — Technological Architecture of EDI and Interoperability Challenges

6.1 Technical Workflows and EDI Infrastructure Requirements
6.2 Interoperability Barriers: Format, Standardization, Protocol, and Semantic Gaps
6.3 Cybersecurity Risks: Data Integrity, Authentication, and Non-Repudiation
6.4 Role of AI, Machine Learning, and Distributed Ledger Technology
6.5 Impact of Standardization Gaps on Cross-Border Digital Trade

Chapter VII — Regulatory, Institutional, and Governance Challenges in Bangladesh

7.1 Fragmentation of Digital Governance Ecosystems
7.2 Institutional Capacity Gaps: BCC, BTRC, MoICT, CERT, NDSA Authorities
7.3 Overlaps and Conflicts Between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO 2025
7.4 Public Sector EDI Implementation Barriers
7.5 Private Sector Readiness for EDI Adoption
7.6 Judicial and Administrative Challenges: Lack of Precedent, Capacity, and Expertise

Chapter VIII — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Compliance, Coherence, Enforcement, and Institutional Readiness
8.2 SWOC Grid for EDI Adoption:
 – Strengths: Digital Ecosystem Growth, Policy Intent
 – Weaknesses: Legal Ambiguity, Technical Deficit
 – Opportunities: Global Digital Trade, Regional Integration
 – Challenges: Cyber Risk, Standardization Gaps
8.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Emerging Cyber Laws
8.4 Synthesis of Comparative Insights

Chapter IX — Case Law Analysis: National and Global Judicial Trends

9.1 Bangladesh High Court Division and Appellate Jurisprudence
9.2 Indian Judiciary on E-Transactions and Digital Evidence
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC
9.3 Pakistan: PLD and SCMR Case Law on Electronic Communications
9.4 UK and US Precedents on EDI, Digital Authentication, and Electronic Contracts
9.5 Implications for Bangladesh’s EDI Reform

Chapter X — Reforming Bangladesh’s EDI Framework for a Seamless Digital Economy

10.1 Harmonizing ICT Act 2006 with Global Cyber Law Standards
10.2 Need for a Dedicated E-Transactions or Digital Trade Act
10.3 Alignment with UNCITRAL, WTO, OECD, and Regional Standards
10.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Technical Upgradation
10.5 Strengthening Cybersecurity, Data Governance, and Privacy Protection
10.6 Integration with Cryptocurrency and Blockchain-Based Payment Systems
10.7 Ensuring Cross-Border Legal Recognition of EDI
10.8 Incorporating Human Rights, Ethics, and Procedural Safeguards

Chapter XI — Findings

11.1 Key Doctrinal and Empirical Findings
11.2 Gaps Between Law and Technological Realities
11.3 Impact on Digital Economy, Governance, and Trade
11.4 Comparative Lessons and Policy Implications

Chapter XII — Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Amendments: ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA, CPO 2025
12.2 Draft Model Provisions for EDI Regulation
12.3 Institutional Strengthening and Judicial Capacity Development
12.4 Standardization and Interoperability Roadmap
12.5 Establishing Digital Trade Courts or E-Commerce Tribunals
12.6 Sustainable, Ethical, and Secure EDI Ecosystem

Chapter XIII — Conclusion

13.1 Synthesis of Research
13.2 Implications for a Seamless Digital Economy
13.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XIV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

(Books, scholarly articles, reports, statutes, cases, international instruments)

Chapter XV — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
B. SWOC Grids
C. Conflict Maps
D. Comparative Statutory Charts
E. Case Law Tables
F. Policy Document Extracts
G. Technical EDI Workflow Diagrams

2412116109

LABIBA RAHMAN

“From Paper Archives to Digital Repositories: A Doctrinal and Policy Analysis of ‘Electronic Form’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Implications for Legal Recognition of Digital Information”

 Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Transition from Physical Documents to Digital Repositories
1.2 Research Problem: Understanding the Legal Scope of “Electronic Form”
1.3 Core Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Rationale and Significance in the Age of Digital Governance
1.6 Methodological Orientation
1.7 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations of “Electronic Form”

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Technical, Legal, and Jurisprudential Dimensions
2.2 Theories of Information Authenticity, Trust, and Digital Evidence
2.3 From Scanned Copies to Blockchain-Stored Data: Typologies of Digital Information
2.4 Comparative Literature Review: Scholarly Articles, Commentaries, and Doctrinal Sources
2.5 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Archival Science, Information Systems & Cyber Law
2.6 Implications for Digital Repositories, E-Governance, and Administrative Law

Chapter III — Statutory Analysis of ‘Electronic Form’ in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Section 2(1), Section 4, Section 5 — Scope & Interpretation
3.2 Interlinkages:
 3.2.1 Digital Security Act 2018
 3.2.2 Cyber Security Act 2023
 3.2.3 Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.3 Evidence Act 1872 (as amended): Admissibility of Electronic Documents
3.4 Contract Act 1872, Penal Code 1860 & Public Offices Documents Act
3.5 Sectoral Regulations: BIDA, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, National Digital Commerce Policy
3.6 National Digital Governance Strategies, Data Protection Policies, and ICT Masterplans
3.7 Key Judicial Interpretations in Bangladesh
 – X v. Bangladesh Telecommunication Authority, 74 DLR (HCD)…
 – So-and-so v. Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, BLT…
3.8 Doctrinal Challenges: Authenticity, Integrity, Trust, Chain of Custody

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Standards

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce & Electronic Signatures
4.2 EU Standards: GDPR, eIDAS, Digital Services Regulations
4.3 UK Law: Electronic Communications Act & Common Law Precedents
4.4 USA: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.5 South Asian Jurisdictions (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)
4.6 Global Cryptocurrency & Blockchain Governance Frameworks
4.7 Alignment Challenges for Bangladesh
4.8 Lessons for Domestic “Electronic Form” Reform

Chapter V — Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Method: Statutory Interpretation & Judicial Analysis
5.2 Comparative Legal Method
5.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping Model
5.5 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Documents, Academic Literature
5.6 Limitations and Reliability of Evidence

Chapter VI — Technological Foundations of Digital Repositories

6.1 Data Storage Systems: Cloud, Hybrid Repositories, Distributed Ledgers
6.2 Metadata, Hashing, and Digital Integrity Mechanisms
6.3 Authentication Models: Digital Signatures, PKI, Blockchain Certificates
6.4 Cybersecurity Architecture for Electronic Form
6.5 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges
6.6 Artificial Intelligence and Automated Recordkeeping

Chapter VII — Doctrinal Challenges in Legal Recognition of Digital Information

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity & Non-Repudiation under Existing Laws
7.2 Admissibility Standards under Evidence Act 1872 (with amendments)
7.3 Presumptions and Burdens of Proof for Electronic Documents
7.4 Chain of Custody Issues in Prosecution and Civil Litigation
7.5 Conflicts Between ICT Act, Evidence Act, and CPO 2025
7.6 Case Law Analysis from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh (SCC)
 – Riley v. California (US Supreme Court)
 – So-and-so v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD

Chapter VIII — Institutional and Policy Assessment

8.1 Capacity Analysis of BCC, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
8.2 Readiness of Public Sector Digital Repositories
8.3 Coordination Gaps Between ICT Act, CSA 2023 & National Data Policies
8.4 National Archives, Record Management Laws, and Digital Preservation Obligations
8.5 Stakeholder Perspectives: Government, Private Sector, Courts, Academia
8.6 Public Trust, Digital Literacy, and Governance Gaps

Chapter IX — Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis & Conflict Mapping

9.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix:
 – Alignment with global standards
 – Compatibility with domestic statutes
 – Enforceability and institutional readiness
9.2 SWOC Grid for Electronic Form Reforms
 – Strengths: Policy Framework, ICT Ecosystem
 – Weaknesses: Institutional Gaps, Legal Ambiguity
 – Opportunities: E-governance, Digital Trade, Blockchain Integration
 – Challenges: Cybersecurity Risks, Evidentiary Concerns
9.3 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps & Tensions Across ICT Act, Evidence Act & Emerging Cyber Laws
9.4 Synthesis of Analytical Frameworks

Chapter X — Case Law Synthesis: Judicial Trends & Implications

10.1 Bangladesh: DLR, BLD, CLC, SCOB, MLR Findings
10.2 India: AIR, SCC Cases on Digital Evidence and Electronic Communication
10.3 Pakistan: PLD, SCMR Jurisprudence
10.4 UK and US: Leading Precedents on Electronic Records
10.5 Lessons for Domestic Legal Development

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Treatment of “Electronic Form”

11.1 Gaps in ICT Act 2006 and Related Statutes
11.2 Towards an “Electronic Information and Records Management Act”
11.3 Clarifying Definitions of Electronic Form, Electronic Record, and Digital Repositories
11.4 Strengthening Evidentiary Standards: Certificates, Metadata, Audit Trails
11.5 Regulatory Harmonization with UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN
11.6 Institutional Reforms and Capacity Building
11.7 Integration with Blockchain, Cryptocurrency Transactions, and Smart Records
11.8 Safeguarding Human Rights, Privacy, and Data Protection

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal Findings
12.2 Structural, Regulatory, and Technological Challenges
12.3 Gaps Between Law and Practice
12.4 Implications for Bangladesh’s Digital Governance and E-Commerce Ecosystem

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative Amendments: ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
13.2 Policy Reforms for National Digital Repositories
13.3 Technical Standards and Interoperability Guidelines
13.4 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capabilities
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model
13.6 Long-Term Strategy for Trustworthy Digital Information Ecosystem

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Answering the Research Questions
14.2 Broader Implications for Digital Governance
14.3 Future Research Pathways

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Maps
D. Comparative Statutory Tables
E. Case Law Tables
F. Extracts from Policy Documents
G. Technological Diagrams of Digital Repository Systems

2410516110

MD. HUMAYUN KABIR

“The Jurisprudence of Digital Records: Evaluating the Definition of ‘Electronic Form’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in Light of Global Standards on Evidence, Privacy, and Data Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Why “Electronic Form” Matters in Digital Governance
1.2 Problem Statement: Ambiguities and Fragmentation in Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Objectives and Contribution to Jurisprudence
1.6 Methodology Overview (Doctrinal + Comparative + Policy + Analytical Models)
1.7 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual Foundations and Theoretical Frameworks

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Legal, Technical & Philosophical Dimensions
2.2 Evolution of Digital Records: From Physical Documents to Cryptographic Data
2.3 Theories of Digital Trust, Authenticity & Evidentiary Reliability
2.4 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Technological, and Interdisciplinary Sources
2.5 Conceptual Distinctions:
 2.5.1 Electronic record
 2.5.2 Electronic document
 2.5.3 Electronic data
 2.5.4 Data messages under UNCITRAL
2.6 Implications for Evidence, Privacy, E-governance & Data Governance

Chapter III — Statutory Interpretation of “Electronic Form” under Bangladesh Law

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Meaning, Scope & Purpose of “Electronic Form”
3.2 Interconnected Statutes:
 3.2.1 Evidence Act 1872 (Amended Provisions on Digital Evidence)
 3.2.2 Penal Code 1860
 3.2.3 Digital Security Act 2018
 3.2.4 Cyber Security Act 2023
 3.2.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.3 Sectoral Instruments:
 – Bangladesh Bank circulars on electronic financial records
 – BTRC digital communication regulations
 – National ICT Policy, Data Protection Draft Act & Digital Bangladesh Strategy
3.4 Parliamentary Debates, Committee Reports and Policy Documents
3.5 Case Law Analysis (Bangladesh):
 – X v. Government of Bangladesh, 72 DLR (HCD)…
 – So-and-so v. Bangladesh Police, MLR…
3.6 Doctrinal Gaps: Unclear Definitions, Overlapping Terms, Enforcement Ambiguity

Chapter IV — Comparative and Global Standards on Digital Records & Electronic Form

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce (MLEC 1996)
4.2 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (MLES 2001)
4.3 EU Legal Framework: GDPR, eIDAS, Digital Services Act
4.4 UK Precedents (Electronic Communications Act, Common Law)
4.5 USA Standards: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.6 South Asian Jurisdictions (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)
4.7 International Standards for Cryptocurrency & Blockchain Governance
 – FATF Guidelines
 – OECD Recommendations
 – EU MiCA Regulation
4.8 Best Practices and Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Jurisprudential Method
5.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 5.4.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
 5.4.2 SWOC Grid
 5.4.3 Conflict Mapping
5.5 Sources of Data:
 – Primary (Statutes, Case Law, Reports)
 – Secondary (Books, Articles, Commentaries, Working Papers)
5.6 Limitations and Reliability of Evidence

Chapter VI — Technological Architecture of Digital Records

6.1 How Digital Data is Created, Stored & Preserved
6.2 Cryptographic Systems: PKI, Digital Signatures & Hashing
6.3 Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Records
6.4 Data Integrity Safeguards: Metadata, Audit Trails, Chain of Custody
6.5 Cybersecurity Architecture for Electronic Records
6.6 AI-generated Records and Emerging Evidentiary Questions

Chapter VII — Doctrinal Challenges in Legal Recognition of Electronic Form

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity & Non-Repudiation
7.2 Admissibility of Electronic Evidence under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Interpretational Difficulties across ICT Act, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
7.4 Standards of Proof & Presumptions Regarding Digital Records
7.5 Key Judicial Decisions:
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, AIR/SCC
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
 – PLD Cases on Digital Evidence
 – UK: DPP v. McKeown, DPP v. Jones
7.6 Cross-Jurisdictional Conflicts in Evidence Standards

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Governance Implications

8.1 Data Privacy in Digital Records: Statutory Gaps in Bangladesh
8.2 Intersection with Global Privacy Standards (GDPR, OECD Privacy Principles)
8.3 Digital Repositories & State Data Practices
8.4 Surveillance, Access to Data & Due Process Concerns
8.5 Constitutional Dimensions: Article 43 & Right to Privacy
8.6 Impact on E-Governance, Public Administration & Citizen Rights

Chapter IX — Institutional, Policy, and Governance Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Problems in Digital Records Governance
9.3 National Archives Laws & Government Recordkeeping Standards
9.4 Implementation Challenges: Training, Infrastructure, Forensic Capacity
9.5 Stakeholder Analysis:
 – Public sector
 – Private sector
 – Technology providers
 – Civil society
9.6 Policy Conflicts and Regulatory Fragmentation

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis & Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix:
 – Compatibility with global standards
 – Coherence across domestic laws
 – Institutional capacity
10.2 SWOC Analysis:
 – Strengths: Existing ICT framework
 – Weaknesses: Evidentiary and privacy gaps
 – Opportunities: Digital transformation, blockchain
 – Challenges: Cyber risks, legal fragmentation
10.3 Conflict Mapping:
 – ICT Act vs Evidence Act
 – ICT Act vs CSA 2023
 – Domestic law vs UNCITRAL Standards
10.4 Synthesis of Findings from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Synthesis of Judicial Trends

11.1 Bangladesh: DLR, BLD, CLC, SCOB, MLR, BLT
11.2 India: SCC, AIR jurisprudence on digital evidence & privacy
11.3 Pakistan: PLD, SCMR jurisprudence on data governance
11.4 UK & USA: Leading precedents on electronic form & digital evidence
11.5 Comparative Judicial Reasoning Patterns
11.6 Doctrinal Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter XII — Reforming the “Electronic Form” Framework in Bangladesh

12.1 Need for Doctrinal Clarification in ICT Act 2006
12.2 Harmonizing ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
12.3 Establishing a Comprehensive Digital Records and Data Governance Act
12.4 Improving Evidentiary Rules: Certificates, Metadata, Digital Forensics
12.5 Institutional Strengthening for Judiciary & Law Enforcement
12.6 Introducing Standards for Blockchain, AI-Generated Data & Cryptographic Evidence
12.7 Safeguarding Privacy, Due Process & Human Rights

Chapter XIII — Findings

13.1 Summary of Doctrinal Insights
13.2 Critical Gaps in Legal Framework & Institutional Practice
13.3 Impact of Ambiguities on Rights, Governance & Evidence Law
13.4 Comparative Lessons from Global Standards

Chapter XIV — Recommendations

14.1 Legislative Recommendations
14.2 Technological & Forensic Capacity Building
14.3 Judicial Training & Standardization of Evidence Protocols
14.4 Policy Reforms in Digital Governance
14.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model
14.6 Long-Term Strategy for Trusted Digital Evidence Ecosystem

Chapter XV — Conclusion

15.1 Revisiting the Research Questions
15.2 Contributions to Scholarship & Jurisprudence
15.3 Future Research Trajectories

Chapter XVI — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVII — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Case Law Table
E. Statutory Comparison Chart
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models of Digital Records Architecture

2410416111

MEHEDI HASAN

“Law in the Age of Digital Memory: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Legal Status of Information in ‘Electronic Form’ under the ICT Act, 2006 of Bangladesh”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Emergence of Digital Memory in Law
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Recognition of Information in “Electronic Form”
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Rationale and Significance in Legal and Policy Context
1.7 Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Legal, Technical, and Philosophical Perspectives
2.2 Theories of Digital Evidence, Memory, and Trust
2.3 Information Lifecycle: Creation, Storage, Transmission, and Retrieval
2.4 Interdisciplinary Literature Review: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.5 Distinction Between Electronic Record, Data Message, and Digital Document
2.6 Implications for Governance, Privacy, and Cybersecurity

Chapter III — Statutory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Sections Relevant to “Electronic Form”
3.2 Evidence Act 1872 (Amendments Concerning Electronic Records)
3.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Related Cybersecurity Legislation
3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.5 Contract, Financial, and Administrative Laws Intersecting with Digital Records
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh Strategy, Data Protection Policies, E-Governance Guidelines
3.7 Key Judicial Decisions in Bangladesh:
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
3.8 Identified Gaps and Doctrinal Challenges

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws on Electronic Commerce and Signatures
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Digital Services Framework
4.3 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Case Law
4.4 United States: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.5 South Asian Comparative Insights: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
4.6 Global Standards for Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.7 Lessons for Harmonization and Reform in Bangladesh

Chapter V — Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Analysis
5.2 Comparative Jurisprudence
5.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Documents, Academic Literature
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Foundations of Digital Records

6.1 Digital Storage Architectures: Cloud, Hybrid, Distributed Ledgers
6.2 Authentication: Digital Signatures, PKI, and Blockchain Certificates
6.3 Data Integrity Mechanisms: Hashing, Metadata, Audit Trails
6.4 Cybersecurity for Electronic Records
6.5 Emerging Technologies: AI-generated Records and Smart Contracts
6.6 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges

Chapter VII — Doctrinal and Legal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-repudiation of Digital Records
7.2 Admissibility of Electronic Evidence under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
7.4 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Evidentiary Standards
7.5 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (India, SCC)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh (India, SCC)
 – Riley v. California (US Supreme Court)

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Governance, and Ethical Implications

8.1 Legal and Policy Dimensions of Privacy in Digital Records
8.2 National and Global Data Protection Standards
8.3 State Surveillance and Access to Digital Information
8.4 Ethical Considerations in Electronic Record Management
8.5 Impact on Governance, Citizen Rights, and Digital Trust

Chapter IX — Institutional, Policy, and Implementation Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Gaps Across Regulatory Frameworks
9.3 Capacity for Digital Evidence Management and Preservation
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Academia, Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with Global Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
10.4 Synthesis and Policy Implications

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Recognition of “Electronic Form”

11.1 Legislative Gaps and Reform Needs
11.2 Harmonization with International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN
11.3 Evidentiary Reforms: Certificates, Metadata, Forensic Protocols
11.4 Institutional and Capacity-building Recommendations
11.5 Integration with Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Smart Contract Frameworks
11.6 Safeguarding Privacy, Due Process, and Human Rights

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal and Comparative Findings
12.2 Challenges in Legal Recognition and Enforcement
12.3 Implications for Governance, Evidence, and Digital Trust
12.4 Lessons from Global Practice

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Digital Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Coordination Models
13.6 Long-Term Strategic Roadmap for Digital Records

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Case Law Summary Table
E. Comparative Statutory Table
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models of Digital Record Systems

2412516112

TASPIA KHAN TASNIM

“Codifying the Digital Archive: A Critical Study of ‘Electronic Form’ in Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Impact on E-Governance, Judicial Processes, and Information Management”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: The Emergence of Digital Archives in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement: Legal Recognition and Challenges of “Electronic Form”
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance and Relevance to Law, Governance, and Policy
1.7 Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Legal, Technical, and Philosophical Dimensions
2.2 Information Lifecycle: Creation, Storage, Transmission, Retrieval
2.3 Theories of Digital Trust, Authenticity, and Evidentiary Reliability
2.4 Interdisciplinary Literature Review: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.5 Distinction Between Digital Records, Data Messages, and Electronic Documents
2.6 Implications for Governance, Privacy, and Cybersecurity

Chapter III — Legal Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Sections Pertaining to “Electronic Form”
3.2 Evidence Act 1872 (with Amendments on Digital Evidence)
3.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cybersecurity Legislation
3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.5 Other Related Statutes: Contracts, Finance, and Administrative Laws
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh Strategy, Data Governance Guidelines, E-Governance Policies
3.7 Key Judicial Decisions:
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
 – X v. Government of Bangladesh, MLR/BLT
3.8 Doctrinal Gaps and Interpretation Challenges

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC 1996)
4.2 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (MLES 2001)
4.3 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, Digital Services Act
4.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act, Key Cases
4.5 United States: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.6 South Asian Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
4.7 Global Standards for Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Records
4.8 Lessons for Harmonization and Reform in Bangladesh

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Sources of Data: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Documents, Academic Literature
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Architecture of Digital Archives

6.1 Digital Record Creation, Storage, and Preservation
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms: Digital Signatures, PKI, Blockchain Certificates
6.3 Data Integrity Mechanisms: Hashing, Metadata, Audit Trails
6.4 Cybersecurity Measures for Electronic Archives
6.5 Emerging Technologies: AI-Generated Records, Smart Contracts
6.6 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges

Chapter VII — Doctrinal and Legal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
7.2 Admissibility of Electronic Evidence under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
7.4 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Evidentiary Standards
7.5 Judicial Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
7.6 Comparative Lessons and Doctrinal Gaps

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Governance, and Ethical Implications

8.1 Data Privacy in Digital Archives
8.2 Alignment with Global Standards: GDPR, OECD Privacy Principles
8.3 Surveillance, Access, and Due Process Issues
8.4 Ethical Dimensions in Digital Information Management
8.5 Implications for E-Governance and Citizen Trust

Chapter IX — Institutional and Policy Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Challenges Across Regulatory Bodies
9.3 Capacity for Digital Record Management
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Academia, Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs CSA 2023 vs CPO 2025
10.4 Policy Implications from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Recognition of “Electronic Form”

11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, GDPR, eIDAS, and UETA/E-SIGN Standards
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Certificates, Metadata, Digital Forensics
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Law Enforcement
11.5 Integration with Blockchain and Smart Contract Technologies
11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Findings
12.2 Identified Legal and Institutional Gaps
12.3 Implications for E-Governance, Judicial Processes, and Information Management
12.4 Lessons from Global Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model
13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Digital Archive Management

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Case Law Summary Table
E. Statutory Comparison Chart
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models of Digital Archives

2412016113

ROKAYA KHANAM

“From Microfilm to Cloud Computing: Tracing the Evolution of ‘Electronic Form’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Comparative Relevance to International Cyber Law”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Records from Paper to Digital
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Recognition of ‘Electronic Form’
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance: Legal, Technological, and Policy Relevance
1.7 Research Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Electronic Form’: Legal, Technical, and Historical Perspectives
2.2 Evolution of Records: Microfilm, Magnetic Media, Digital Files, and Cloud Computing
2.3 Theories of Digital Trust, Authentication, and Legal Recognition
2.4 Interdisciplinary Literature Review: Law, Technology, Policy
2.5 Distinctions Between Digital Records, Data Messages, and Electronic Documents
2.6 Implications for E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Information Management

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Key Sections on ‘Electronic Form’
3.2 Evidence Act 1872 (Amendments on Digital Evidence)
3.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cybersecurity Regulations
3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.5 Other Relevant Laws: Contract, Finance, Administrative Statutes
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh, Data Governance, E-Governance Guidelines
3.7 Key Judicial Decisions Interpreting ‘Electronic Form’
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB/BLT
 – X v. Government of Bangladesh, AIR/PLD/MLR
3.8 Doctrinal Gaps and Challenges in Legal Interpretation

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and Signatures
4.2 European Union: eIDAS, GDPR, and Digital Services Legislation
4.3 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Case Law
4.4 United States: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.5 South Asian Comparative Insights: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
4.6 International Standards on Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Evidence
4.7 Lessons for Harmonization and Bangladesh’s Legal Reforms

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy and Institutional Assessment
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Documents, Scholarly Articles
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Evolution of Digital Records

6.1 From Microfilm to Magnetic Media
6.2 CD-ROM, Optical Media, and Early Digital Archives
6.3 Networked Databases and Cloud Storage
6.4 Authentication Mechanisms: Digital Signatures, PKI, Blockchain Certificates
6.5 Data Integrity: Hashing, Metadata, Audit Trails
6.6 Cybersecurity Measures and Challenges
6.7 Emerging Technologies: AI-Generated Records, Smart Contracts
6.8 Interoperability and Standardization Issues

Chapter VII — Doctrinal and Legal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation of Electronic Records
7.2 Admissibility under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
7.4 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Evidentiary Standards
7.5 Judicial Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
7.6 Comparative Lessons and Doctrinal Implications

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Governance, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Legal and Policy Dimensions of Privacy in Digital Archives
8.2 Alignment with Global Standards: GDPR, OECD Privacy Principles
8.3 State Surveillance and Access to Digital Information
8.4 Ethical Considerations in Information Management
8.5 Implications for E-Governance and Citizen Trust

Chapter IX — Institutional and Policy Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Challenges Across Regulatory Bodies
9.3 Capacity for Digital Record Management and Preservation
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Academia, Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs CSA 2023 vs CPO 2025
10.4 Policy Implications Derived from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Recognition of ‘Electronic Form’

11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, GDPR, eIDAS, and UETA/E-SIGN Standards
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Certificates, Metadata, Digital Forensics
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Law Enforcement
11.5 Integration with Blockchain and Smart Contract Technologies
11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Findings
12.2 Identified Legal and Institutional Gaps
12.3 Implications for E-Governance, Judicial Processes, and Information Management
12.4 Lessons from International Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Digital Records Management

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Table
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technological Models of Digital Record Evolution

2411016114

M. A. HORAYRA SARKER

“The Legal Life of Information: A Comprehensive Analysis of ‘Electronic Form’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Role in Securing Digital Transactions, Records, and Evidence”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: The Emergence of Digital Information and Transactions
1.2 Problem Statement: Legal Recognition and Challenges of ‘Electronic Form’
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
1.7 Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Electronic Form’: Legal, Technical, and Doctrinal Perspectives
2.2 Lifecycle of Digital Information: Creation, Storage, Transmission, Retrieval
2.3 Theories of Digital Trust, Authentication, and Evidentiary Reliability
2.4 Interdisciplinary Literature Review: Legal, Technological, and Policy Sources
2.5 Differentiating Digital Records, Data Messages, and Electronic Documents
2.6 Implications for E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Legal Evidence

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Provisions on ‘Electronic Form’
3.2 Evidence Act 1872 and Amendments for Digital Evidence
3.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cybersecurity Legislation
3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.5 Other Relevant Statutes: Contract, Finance, Administrative Laws
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Guidelines, Data Governance
3.7 Key Judicial Decisions on ‘Electronic Form’
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
 – X v. Government of Bangladesh, AIR/PLD/BLT
3.8 Doctrinal Gaps and Interpretation Challenges

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC 1996)
4.2 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (MLES 2001)
4.3 European Union: eIDAS, GDPR, and Digital Services Legislation
4.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act, Relevant Case Law
4.5 United States: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.6 South Asian Comparative Perspectives: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
4.7 Global Standards for Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Evidence
4.8 Lessons for Harmonization and Reform in Bangladesh

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Sources of Data: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Scholarly Articles
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Digital Records

6.1 Digital Record Creation and Storage
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms: Digital Signatures, PKI, Blockchain Certificates
6.3 Data Integrity and Security: Hashing, Metadata, Audit Trails
6.4 Cybersecurity Measures for Electronic Records
6.5 Emerging Technologies: AI-Generated Records, Smart Contracts
6.6 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges

Chapter VII — Doctrinal and Legal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation of Electronic Records
7.2 Admissibility under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, DSA 2018
7.4 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Evidentiary Standards
7.5 Judicial Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
7.6 Comparative Lessons and Doctrinal Implications

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Governance, and Ethical Implications

8.1 Legal and Policy Dimensions of Data Privacy
8.2 Alignment with Global Standards: GDPR, OECD Privacy Principles
8.3 Access, Surveillance, and Due Process Considerations
8.4 Ethical Issues in Information Management
8.5 Implications for E-Governance and Citizen Trust

Chapter IX — Institutional and Policy Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Challenges Across Regulatory Bodies
9.3 Capacity for Digital Record Management
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Academic, Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs CSA 2023 vs CPO 2025
10.4 Policy Implications Derived from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Recognition of ‘Electronic Form’

11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, GDPR, eIDAS, and UETA/E-SIGN Standards
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Certificates, Metadata, Digital Forensics
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Law Enforcement
11.5 Integration with Blockchain and Smart Contract Technologies
11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Findings
12.2 Identified Legal and Institutional Gaps
12.3 Implications for Securing Digital Transactions, Records, and Evidence
12.4 Lessons from Global Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Securing Digital Information

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Case Law Summaries
E. Statutory Comparison Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models for Digital Records

2410816115

UDOY KUMAR PAL

“Information Beyond Paper: Juridical, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Recognizing ‘Electronic Form’ in the Cyber Law Framework of Bangladesh”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Transition from Paper-Based to Digital Information
1.2 Problem Statement: Legal Recognition of ‘Electronic Form’ in Bangladesh
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance: Legal, Technological, and Policy Relevance
1.7 Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Electronic Form’: Doctrinal, Technical, and Historical Perspectives
2.2 Lifecycle of Digital Information: Creation, Storage, Transmission, and Retrieval
2.3 Theories of Digital Trust, Authentication, and Legal Recognition
2.4 Interdisciplinary Literature Review: Legal, Technological, and Policy Sources
2.5 Distinguishing Digital Records, Data Messages, and Electronic Documents
2.6 Implications for E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Legal Evidence

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act 2006: Sections on ‘Electronic Form’ and Digital Transactions
3.2 Evidence Act 1872 (Amendments for Digital Evidence)
3.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cybercrime Regulations
3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
3.5 Other Relevant Laws: Contract, Finance, Administrative Law
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance, Data Governance
3.7 Judicial Decisions Interpreting ‘Electronic Form’
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
 – X v. Government of Bangladesh, AIR/PLD/BLT
3.8 Doctrinal Gaps and Interpretation Challenges

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC 1996)
4.2 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (MLES 2001)
4.3 European Union: eIDAS Regulation, GDPR, Digital Services
4.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Relevant Case Law
4.5 United States: UETA, E-SIGN Act, Federal Rules of Evidence
4.6 South Asian Comparative Insights: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
4.7 International Standards for Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Evidence
4.8 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization and Reform

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy and Institutional Assessment
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Scholarly Articles
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Digital Information

6.1 Evolution: Microfilm, Magnetic Media, CD-ROMs, Networked Databases, Cloud Storage
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms: Digital Signatures, PKI, Blockchain Certificates
6.3 Data Integrity: Hashing, Metadata, Audit Trails
6.4 Cybersecurity Measures for Electronic Records
6.5 Emerging Technologies: AI-Generated Records, Smart Contracts
6.6 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges

Chapter VII — Legal and Doctrinal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
7.2 Admissibility under Evidence Act 1872
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act 2006, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, DSA 2018
7.4 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Evidentiary Standards
7.5 Judicial Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
7.6 Comparative Lessons and Doctrinal Implications

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Governance, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Legal and Policy Dimensions of Privacy in Digital Records
8.2 Global Standards: GDPR, OECD Privacy Guidelines
8.3 Access, Surveillance, and Procedural Safeguards
8.4 Ethical Issues in Digital Information Management
8.5 Implications for E-Governance and Public Trust

Chapter IX — Institutional and Policy Assessment

9.1 Institutional Readiness: Judiciary, BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, BCC
9.2 Coordination Challenges Across Regulatory Bodies
9.3 Capacity for Digital Record Management
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Academic, Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs CSA 2023 vs CPO 2025
10.4 Policy Implications Derived from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Reforming the Legal Recognition of ‘Electronic Form’

11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, GDPR, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN Standards
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Certificates, Metadata, Digital Forensics
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building: Judiciary and Law Enforcement
11.5 Integration with Blockchain and Smart Contracts
11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Findings
12.2 Identified Legal and Institutional Gaps
12.3 Implications for Securing Digital Transactions and Records
12.4 Lessons from Global Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Digital Information Security

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix
B. SWOC Grid
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models of Digital Information Lifecycle

2412016116

SUMAIYA RAHMAN

1. “The Jurisprudence of Digital Subscribers: Evaluating Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Section 15 under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and their Implications for Securing Electronic Transactions and Digital Signatures”

• Abstract
•  
• Chapter I — Introduction
• 1.1 Background: Rise of Digital Transactions and Digital Signatures
  1.2 Problem Statement: Legal and Policy Challenges of Section 15
  1.3 Research Questions
  1.4 Objectives of the Study
  1.5 Scope and Limitations
  1.6 Significance: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
  1.7 Research Methodology Overview
  1.8 Structure of the Article
•  
• Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
• 2.1 Definition and Scope of ‘Digital Subscriber’ under ICT Act 2006
  2.2 Understanding Digital Signatures and Authentication Mechanisms
  2.3 Lifecycle of Digital Certificates and Subscriber Roles
  2.4 Theories of Digital Trust, Legal Recognition, and Non-Repudiation
  2.5 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
  2.6 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Governance
•  
• Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework
• 3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 15 and Related Provisions
  3.2 Evidence Act 1872 (Amendments Pertaining to Electronic Records)
  3.3 Digital Security Act 2018: Digital Authentication and Cybercrime
  3.4 Cyber Security Act 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance 2025
  3.5 Other Applicable Statutes: Contract Law, Banking, E-Governance Regulations
  3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Strategies
  3.7 Judicial Interpretation of Section 15 and Related Provisions
   – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
   – Government v. X, AIR/PLD/BLT
  3.8 Doctrinal Gaps and Challenges in Enforcement
•  
• Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives
• 4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and Commerce
  4.2 European Union: eIDAS Regulation and Digital Certificate Standards
  4.3 United States: UETA and E-SIGN Act
  4.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Relevant Case Law
  4.5 South Asian Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
  4.6 Global Standards for Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Authentication
  4.7 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization and Legal Reform
•  
• Chapter V — Research Methodology
• 5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
  5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
  5.3 Policy and Institutional Assessment
  5.4 Analytical Tools:
   – Legal Adequacy Matrix
   – SWOC Grid
   – Conflict Mapping
  5.5 Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Scholarly Articles
  5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations
•  
• Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions
• 6.1 Digital Signature Infrastructure: PKI, Certificates, and Key Management
  6.2 Subscriber Authentication Mechanisms and Identity Verification
  6.3 Data Integrity, Non-Repudiation, and Cybersecurity Protocols
  6.4 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certificate Authorities
  6.5 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and AI-Generated Certificates
  6.6 Interoperability and Technical Challenges
•  
• Chapter VII — Legal and Doctrinal Challenges
• 7.1 Authenticity and Evidentiary Admissibility of Digital Signatures
  7.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872
  7.3 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Judicial Approaches
  7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
   – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
   – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
   – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
  7.5 Implications for Doctrinal and Judicial Practice
•  
• Chapter VIII — Policy, Privacy, and Ethical Considerations
• 8.1 Privacy and Data Governance in Digital Transactions
  8.2 Global Privacy Standards: GDPR, OECD Guidelines
  8.3 Ethical Issues in Subscriber Authentication and Digital Records
  8.4 Implications for Public Trust, E-Governance, and Regulatory Compliance
•  
• Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Assessment
• 9.1 Institutional Roles: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
  9.2 Capacity and Readiness for Digital Signature Management
  9.3 Interagency Coordination Challenges
  9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
  9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
  9.6 Recommendations for Strengthening Institutional Frameworks
•  
• Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping
• 10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
  10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
  10.3 Conflict Mapping: Section 15 vs ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs DSA/CSA
  10.4 Policy Implications from Analytical Tools
•  
• Chapter XI — Reforming Section 15 and Digital Subscriber Regulation
• 11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
  11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN Standards
  11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Digital Certificates, Metadata, Audit Trails
  11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building for Judiciary and Enforcement Agencies
  11.5 Integration with Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Smart Contracts
  11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards
•  
• Chapter XII — Findings
• 12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Findings
  12.2 Identified Doctrinal and Institutional Gaps
  12.3 Implications for Securing Electronic Transactions and Digital Signatures
  12.4 Lessons from Global Best Practices
•  
• Chapter XIII — Recommendations
• 13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
  13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
  13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
  13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
  13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
  13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Digital Subscriber Security
•  
• Chapter XIV — Conclusion
• 14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
  14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
  14.3 Directions for Future Research
•  
• Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)
•  
• Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)
• A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
  B. SWOC Grid for Digital Subscriber Regulation
  C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
  D. Judicial Case Summaries
  E. Comparative Statutory Tables
  F. National Policy Extracts
  G. Technical Models of Digital Subscriber Infrastructure

2410216117

MD. TANVIR RAHMAN

• “Subscribers as Key Actors in Cyber Law: An In-Depth Study of Digital Identity, Accountability, and Governance under Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh within the Context of Emerging Technologies and Global Best Practices”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: The Role of Digital Subscribers in Cyber Governance
1.2 Problem Statement: Accountability and Legal Recognition of Digital Subscribers
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance: Interdisciplinary Importance in Law, Technology, and Policy
1.7 Research Methodology Overview
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Definition of Digital Subscribers under ICT Act 2006
2.2 Digital Identity and Authentication Mechanisms
2.3 Accountability, Responsibility, and Non-Repudiation in Digital Transactions
2.4 Theories of Cyber Law, Legal Certainty, and Trust in Digital Environments
2.5 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.6 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, Governance, and Ethics

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 15 and Related Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amendments Pertaining to Digital Records)
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018: Cybercrime, Digital Authentication, and Liability
3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023 and Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.5 Related Laws: Contract Law, Banking, E-Governance Regulations
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Initiatives
3.7 Key Judicial Interpretations of Section 15
 – So-and-so v. So-and-so, DLR/BLD/CLC/MLR/SCOB
 – Government v. X, AIR/PLD/BLT/SCC
3.8 Doctrinal and Practical Challenges

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Subscriber Liability
4.3 US: UETA and E-SIGN Act
4.4 UK Electronic Communications Act and Relevant Case Law
4.5 South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
4.6 Global Standards: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency Governance, and Digital Authentication
4.7 Lessons for Bangladesh: Legal Harmonization and Policy Reforms

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research Approach
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy and Institutional Assessment
5.4 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.5 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Academic Literature
5.6 Limitations and Reliability Considerations

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Digital Subscribers

6.1 Digital Signature Infrastructure: PKI, Certificates, and Key Management
6.2 Subscriber Authentication Mechanisms and Identity Verification
6.3 Data Integrity, Non-Repudiation, and Cybersecurity Protocols
6.4 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certificate Authorities
6.5 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, AI in Digital Identity
6.6 Interoperability and Technical Challenges

Chapter VII — Legal and Doctrinal Challenges

7.1 Authenticity and Evidentiary Admissibility of Digital Signatures
7.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.3 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Judicial Approaches
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, SCC (India)
 – Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh, SCC
 – Riley v. California, US Supreme Court
7.5 Implications for Judicial Practice and Digital Subscriber Liability

Chapter VIII — Policy, Privacy, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy and Data Governance in Digital Transactions
8.2 Global Privacy Standards: GDPR, OECD Guidelines
8.3 Ethical Issues in Subscriber Authentication and Digital Records
8.4 Public Trust, E-Governance, and Regulatory Compliance

Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Assessment

9.1 Institutional Roles: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
9.2 Capacity and Readiness for Digital Subscriber Management
9.3 Interagency Coordination Challenges
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.5 Policy and Administrative Conflicts
9.6 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Alignment with International Standards
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: Section 15 vs ICT Act vs Evidence Act vs DSA/CSA
10.4 Policy Implications from Analytical Tools

Chapter XI — Reforming Section 15 and Digital Subscriber Regulation

11.1 Legislative and Regulatory Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN Standards
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Digital Certificates, Metadata, Audit Trails
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building for Judiciary and Enforcement Agencies
11.5 Integration with Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Smart Contracts
11.6 Privacy, Human Rights, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Findings
12.2 Identified Doctrinal and Institutional Gaps
12.3 Implications for Digital Subscriber Accountability and Governance
12.4 Lessons from Global Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Recommendations
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Recommendations
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Reforms
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Models
13.6 Strategic Roadmap for Digital Subscriber Security

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions
14.2 Contributions to Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Digital Subscriber Regulation
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models of Digital Subscriber Infrastructure

2412516118

ROJARIO KAMAL BINDU

• “Digital Signatures, Subscriber Responsibilities, and Legal Certainty: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Exploration of Section 15 under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Role in Cyber security, E-Commerce, and National Digital Governance”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: The Legal and Technological Context of Digital Signatures in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement: Ensuring Legal Certainty and Accountability of Digital Subscribers
1.3 Research Questions and Objectives
1.4 Scope and Significance of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Digital Signatures: Definitions, Standards, and Technical Components
2.2 Digital Subscriber Responsibilities: Legal, Ethical, and Policy Perspectives
2.3 Theories of Cyber Law: Legal Certainty, Trust, and Risk Management
2.4 Doctrinal and Interdisciplinary Literature Review
2.5 Global Perspectives on E-Commerce and Cyber Governance

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 15 and Related Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Digital Records and Signatures
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 and Cyber Security Act, 2023
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.5 Related Legal Instruments: Contract Law, E-Governance, and Banking Regulations
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Strategies
3.7 Key Judicial Decisions: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Proper citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Liability
4.3 U.S. Legal Framework: UETA and E-SIGN Act
4.4 UK Electronic Communications Act and Case Law
4.5 South Asian Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
4.6 Global Standards: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency Governance, and E-Transaction Security
4.7 Lessons for Legal Harmonization and Policy Reform in Bangladesh

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research
5.2 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Academic Literature
5.5 Reliability and Limitations

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Digital Signatures

6.1 Digital Signature Infrastructure: PKI, Certificates, and Key Management
6.2 Authentication, Verification, and Non-Repudiation Protocols
6.3 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certificate Authorities
6.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, AI
6.5 Interoperability and Global Standards

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations

7.1 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Digital Signatures
7.2 Conflicts across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.3 Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Judicial Approaches
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Subscriber Liability and Enforcement

Chapter VIII — Policy, Privacy, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy, Data Governance, and Subscriber Protection
8.2 Global Privacy Standards: GDPR, OECD Guidelines
8.3 Ethical Issues in Subscriber Authentication and Digital Records
8.4 Trust, Public Confidence, and E-Governance Implications

Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Perspectives

9.1 Role of Institutions: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
9.2 Institutional Readiness for Managing Digital Subscriber Responsibilities
9.3 Interagency Coordination Challenges
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.5 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 15 in National and International Context
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Existing Cyber Laws
10.4 Policy Implications and Strategic Insights

Chapter XI — Reforming Section 15 and Digital Subscriber Governance

11.1 Legislative Gaps and Regulatory Deficiencies
11.2 Harmonization with International Standards (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols: Audit Trails, Metadata, Certificates
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Enforcement Agencies
11.5 Integration with Emerging Technologies
11.6 Privacy, Security, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps and Conflicts
12.3 Implications for Legal Certainty and Subscriber Accountability
12.4 Comparative Lessons from Global Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Enhancements
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Improvements
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Digital Governance Framework
13.6 Roadmap for Strengthening Legal Certainty

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions and Objectives
14.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Digital Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models for Digital Signatures and Subscriber Infrastructure

2412016119

MARIAM AKTER

• “From Authentication to Legal Liability: Examining the Role of Subscribers in the Digital Signature Framework under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Intersection with Privacy, Data Protection, and International Cyber Norms”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Signatures and Subscriber Roles in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement: Legal Liability, Privacy, and Data Protection Concerns
1.3 Research Questions and Objectives
1.4 Scope and Significance of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Digital Subscribers: Definitions, Responsibilities, and Legal Identity
2.2 Digital Signatures: Authentication, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
2.3 Theories of Cyber Law: Legal Certainty, Risk, and Accountability
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Technology, Policy, and Ethics
2.5 Review of Doctrinal and Comparative Literature

Chapter III — Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 15 and Related Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Signatures
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 and Cyber Security Act, 2023
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.5 Related Legal Instruments: Contract Law, Banking, and E-Governance Regulations
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Initiatives
3.7 Judicial Interpretations: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Case citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD

Chapter IV — International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Liability
4.3 U.S. Legal Framework: UETA and E-SIGN Act
4.4 UK Electronic Communications Act and Case Law
4.5 Global Standards in Cryptocurrency and Digital Transaction Governance
4.6 Lessons for Harmonization of Bangladesh’s Cyber Law

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Approach
5.2 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Academic Literature
5.5 Limitations and Reliability of Research

Chapter VI — Technological and Operational Dimensions

6.1 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificates
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms and Non-Repudiation Processes
6.3 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certificate Authorities
6.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Smart Contracts
6.5 Interoperability Challenges and Global Compliance Standards

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations

7.1 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Digital Signatures
7.2 Subscriber Liability: Legal Obligations and Enforcement Mechanisms
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Digital Transactions, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy and Data Governance in the Context of Digital Subscribers
8.2 Global Standards: GDPR, OECD Guidelines, and Cyber Norms
8.3 Ethical Responsibilities of Subscribers in E-Governance and E-Commerce
8.4 Public Trust, Confidence, and Accountability

Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Perspectives

9.1 Role of Key Institutions: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
9.2 Institutional Readiness for Subscriber Management and Digital Oversight
9.3 Coordination Challenges Across Agencies
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Institutional Capacity

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 15 and Subscriber Responsibilities
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Law
10.4 Strategic Policy Implications

Chapter XI — Reforming Subscriber Governance and Liability

11.1 Legislative Gaps and Policy Deficiencies
11.2 Harmonization with International Best Practices (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols, Audit Trails, and Digital Certificates
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Enforcement Agencies
11.5 Integrating Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, Smart Contracts
11.6 Privacy, Security, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps, Conflicts, and Risks
12.3 Implications for Legal Certainty and Subscriber Accountability
12.4 Lessons from Comparative Jurisdictions

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Enhancements
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Improvements
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model
13.6 Roadmap for Securing Digital Transactions and Subscriber Confidence

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions and Objectives
14.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Digital Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models for Digital Signature Infrastructure

2412016120

MOST. JANNATUL

• “The Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Subscribers in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Analysis of Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006, Focusing on Digital Signature Certification, Secure Communication, and Governance Challenges”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Signatures and Subscriber Roles in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement: Legal Certainty, Security, and Governance Challenges
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Significance of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Subscribers: Roles, Responsibilities, and Legal Identity
2.2 Digital Signature Certification: Authentication, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
2.3 Theories of Cyber Law: Legal Certainty, Risk, and Accountability
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Technology, Policy, and Ethics
2.5 Review of Doctrinal Literature and Comparative Studies

Chapter III — Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 15 and Related Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Signatures
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.5 Supporting Laws: Contract Law, Banking, and E-Governance Regulations
3.6 National Policies: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance Initiatives
3.7 Judicial Interpretations: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Case citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Liability
4.3 U.S. Legal Framework: UETA and E-SIGN Act
4.4 UK Electronic Communications Act and Case Law
4.5 International Standards in Cryptocurrency Governance and Cyber Transactions
4.6 Lessons for Harmonizing Bangladesh’s Digital Signature Framework

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Approach
5.2 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Academic Literature
5.5 Limitations and Reliability of Research

Chapter VI — Technological and Operational Dimensions

6.1 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificates
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms, Secure Communication, and Non-Repudiation
6.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Smart Contracts
6.4 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certificate Authorities
6.5 Global Interoperability and Compliance Challenges

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations

7.1 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Digital Signatures
7.2 Subscriber Liability: Legal Obligations and Enforcement Mechanisms
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Digital Transactions, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Dimensions

8.1 Privacy and Data Governance in the Context of Digital Subscribers
8.2 Comparative Analysis: GDPR, OECD Guidelines, and Global Cyber Norms
8.3 Ethical Responsibilities of Subscribers in E-Governance and E-Commerce
8.4 Public Trust, Accountability, and Legal Certainty

Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Perspectives

9.1 Role of Key Institutions: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
9.2 Institutional Readiness for Subscriber Oversight and Enforcement
9.3 Coordination Challenges Across Agencies
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Institutional Capacity

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 15 and Subscriber Responsibilities
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Law
10.4 Strategic Policy Implications

Chapter XI — Reforming Subscriber Governance and Liability

11.1 Legislative Gaps and Policy Deficiencies
11.2 Harmonization with International Best Practices (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols, Audit Trails, and Digital Certificates
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Judiciary and Enforcement Agencies
11.5 Integrating Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, Smart Contracts
11.6 Privacy, Security, and Governance Safeguards

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps, Conflicts, and Risks
12.3 Implications for Legal Certainty and Subscriber Accountability
12.4 Lessons from Comparative Jurisdictions

Chapter XIII — Recommendations

13.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
13.2 Technical and Infrastructure Enhancements
13.3 Judicial Training and Digital Forensics Capacity
13.4 Policy and Governance Improvements
13.5 Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model
13.6 Roadmap for Securing Digital Transactions and Subscriber Confidence

Chapter XIV — Conclusion

14.1 Revisiting Research Questions and Objectives
14.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Practice
14.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Digital Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models for Digital Signature Infrastructure

2412016121

TASNUVA TAZIN TUBA

• “Subscribers in the Digital Age: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Legal Accountability, Cybersecurity, and Digital Identity Management under Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Comparative Insights from Global Cyber Law Practices”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Identity, Cybersecurity, and Subscriber Roles
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Accountability and Regulatory Gaps
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Subscribers: Legal and Technological Perspectives
2.2 Digital Identity Management: Authentication, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation
2.3 Cybersecurity in Subscriber Governance
2.4 Interdisciplinary Theories: Law, Technology, Policy, and Ethics
2.5 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Studies

Chapter III — Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006: Provisions and Objectives
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Signatures
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.5 Supporting Legal Frameworks: Contract, Banking, E-Governance Laws
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh and E-Governance Initiatives
3.7 Judicial Interpretations: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Case citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Liability
4.3 U.S. Legal Framework: UETA and E-SIGN Act
4.4 UK Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Insights
4.5 International Cybersecurity Standards and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.6 Comparative Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Approach
5.2 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Policies, Academic Literature
5.5 Limitations and Reliability

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Subscribers

6.1 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificates
6.2 Authentication, Secure Communication, and Non-Repudiation
6.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, Smart Contracts
6.4 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certification Models
6.5 Global Interoperability and Compliance Challenges

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations

7.1 Subscriber Accountability and Liability
7.2 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Digital Signatures
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Digital Transactions, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy and Data Governance for Digital Subscribers
8.2 Comparative Analysis: GDPR, OECD Guidelines, and International Norms
8.3 Ethical Obligations of Subscribers in E-Governance and Digital Trade
8.4 Public Trust, Accountability, and Cyber Law Compliance

Chapter IX — Institutional and Administrative Perspectives

9.1 Role of Key Institutions: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Bangladesh Bank, Judiciary
9.2 Institutional Readiness for Subscriber Oversight and Enforcement
9.3 Coordination Challenges Across Agencies
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, Civil Society
9.5 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 15 and Subscriber Responsibilities
10.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Law
10.4 Strategic Policy Implications

Chapter XI — Policy and Legislative Recommendations

11.1 Legislative Gaps and Policy Deficiencies
11.2 Harmonization with Global Best Practices (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols, Audit Trails, and Digital Certificates
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity Building
11.5 Integration of Emerging Technologies for Governance
11.6 Privacy, Security, and Trust Enhancement

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Summary of Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps, Conflicts, and Risks
12.3 Implications for Subscriber Accountability and Digital Governance
12.4 Comparative Lessons and Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Conclusion

13.1 Revisiting Research Objectives and Questions
13.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Technology
13.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Key Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technical Models for Digital Signature Infrastructure

2410516122

MEFTAHUL ISLAM

• “Towards a Robust Legal Framework for Digital Subscribers: An In-Depth Study of Their Rights, Responsibilities, and Liability under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh, Integrating Policy, Governance, and Emerging Technological Challenges”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Subscribers in the Era of Cyber Governance
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Accountability, Rights, and Liabilities
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Significance and Scope of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Digital Subscribers: Legal and Technological Dimensions
2.2 Digital Identity, Authentication, and Accountability
2.3 Cybersecurity and Subscriber Governance
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Policy, and Ethics
2.5 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses

Chapter III — Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006: Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Subscribers
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Electronic Records and Digital Signatures
3.3 Supporting Cybersecurity Legislation: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 National Policy Frameworks: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance, and Data Protection Policies
3.5 Judicial Interpretations: Key Case Law from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Proper case citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
3.6 Gaps, Conflicts, and Overlaps Across Laws

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 European Union eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity and Liability
4.3 United States: UETA and E-SIGN Act Frameworks
4.4 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Related Jurisprudence
4.5 Global Cybersecurity Standards and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.6 Comparative Lessons for Bangladesh’s Subscriber Framework

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Approach
5.2 Policy, Technological, and Institutional Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Academic Literature, Reports
5.5 Research Limitations and Reliability

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Subscribers

6.1 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificates
6.2 Authentication, Secure Communication, and Non-Repudiation Mechanisms
6.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Smart Contracts
6.4 Cloud-Based and Decentralized Certification Models
6.5 Interoperability and Compliance Challenges in Global Digital Networks

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Analysis

7.1 Subscriber Liability and Legal Accountability
7.2 Admissibility of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures in Courts
7.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.4 Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Digital Transactions, and Cyber Governance

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy Obligations of Digital Subscribers
8.2 Comparative Analysis: GDPR, OECD Guidelines, and Global Norms
8.3 Ethical Responsibilities and Accountability in Cyber Governance
8.4 Public Trust and Subscriber Compliance

Chapter IX — Institutional and Governance Perspectives

9.1 Roles of Key Institutions: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Judiciary, and Regulatory Agencies
9.2 Institutional Readiness for Subscriber Oversight
9.3 Coordination Challenges Across Agencies
9.4 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.5 Policy Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15 and Subscriber Governance
10.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Law
10.4 Strategic Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter XI — Policy and Legislative Recommendations

11.1 Legislative and Policy Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with Global Best Practices (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols, Audit Trails, and Digital Certificates
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building for Cyber Governance
11.5 Integrating Emerging Technologies for Compliance and Security
11.6 Privacy, Security, and Trust Enhancement Measures

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Key Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps, Conflicts, and Risks
12.3 Implications for Subscriber Rights, Responsibilities, and Liability
12.4 Comparative Lessons and Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Conclusion

13.1 Revisiting Research Objectives and Questions
13.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Technology
13.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagram
D. Key Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technological Models for Digital Subscriber Infrastructure

2410816123

MD. KHIRUL BASHAR TOHIN

• “Digital Identity, Authentication, and Governance: A Comprehensive and Interdisciplinary Appraisal of Subscribers under Section 15 of Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006, with Emphasis on Legal Certainty, Cybersecurity, and International Compliance Standards”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: The Role of Digital Subscribers in Bangladesh’s Cyber Ecosystem
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Certainty, Cybersecurity, and Governance Challenges
1.3 Research Objectives and Key Questions
1.4 Significance and Scope of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining Digital Identity and Authentication
2.2 Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Subscribers
2.3 Cybersecurity, Accountability, and Trust in Digital Transactions
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.5 Literature Review: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Insights

Chapter III — Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006: Rights, Duties, and Liability of Subscribers
3.2 Digital Signatures and the Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Validity
3.3 Supporting Legislations: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 National Policy Instruments: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance, and Data Protection
3.5 Key Judicial Decisions: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
 – Proper case citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
3.6 Identified Legal Gaps, Conflicts, and Overlaps

Chapter IV — International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures and E-Commerce
4.2 EU eIDAS Regulation: Digital Identity, Authentication, and Liability
4.3 United States UETA and E-SIGN Act Framework
4.4 UK Electronic Communications and Cybersecurity Norms
4.5 Global Standards in Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Identity
4.6 Lessons for Bangladesh: Best Practices and Compliance

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
5.2 Policy and Institutional Analysis
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping Across Laws
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Academic Articles, Reports
5.5 Limitations and Reliability

Chapter VI — Technological Dimensions of Subscribers

6.1 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificates
6.2 Authentication Mechanisms, Secure Communication, and Non-Repudiation
6.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Smart Contracts
6.4 Cloud Computing and Decentralized Certification Models
6.5 Interoperability Challenges with International Digital Systems

Chapter VII — Legal Challenges and Judicial Analysis

7.1 Subscriber Liability and Accountability
7.2 Admissibility of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures in Courts
7.3 Conflicts Among ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO
7.4 Comparative Case Law Analysis: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, UK, USA
7.5 Implications for Legal Certainty and E-Governance

Chapter VIII — Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Privacy Obligations of Digital Subscribers
8.2 Comparative Analysis: GDPR, OECD Guidelines, and Global Norms
8.3 Ethical Responsibilities in Cyber Governance
8.4 Building Public Trust and Ensuring Subscriber Compliance

Chapter IX — Institutional and Governance Perspectives

9.1 Institutional Roles: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, Judiciary, and Regulatory Agencies
9.2 Institutional Readiness and Coordination Challenges
9.3 Stakeholder Analysis: Public, Private, and Civil Society
9.4 Policy Recommendations for Strengthening Governance

Chapter X — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

10.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15 and Subscriber Governance
10.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
10.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Law
10.4 Strategic Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter XI — Policy and Legislative Recommendations

11.1 Addressing Legislative and Policy Gaps
11.2 Harmonization with Global Best Practices (UNCITRAL, eIDAS, UETA/E-SIGN)
11.3 Evidentiary Protocols, Audit Trails, and Digital Certificates
11.4 Institutional Capacity Building
11.5 Integrating Emerging Technologies for Security and Compliance
11.6 Enhancing Privacy, Security, and Public Trust

Chapter XII — Findings

12.1 Key Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights
12.2 Identified Gaps, Conflicts, and Risks
12.3 Implications for Subscriber Rights, Responsibilities, and Liability
12.4 Comparative Lessons and Best Practices

Chapter XIII — Conclusion

13.1 Revisiting Research Objectives
13.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Cyber Governance
13.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
B. SWOC Grid for Subscriber Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagrams
D. Key Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts
G. Technological Models for Subscriber Authentication

(16) “chairman” means a chairman appointed under cyber appeal tribunal of section 82 of

this Act;

2410416124

MD. ASADUL HOSSEN

1. “Legal Authority and Governance of the Chairman in Bangladesh’s Cyber Appeal Tribunal: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Section 82 under the ICT Act, 2006 and Its Implications for Cyber Dispute Resolution and Judicial Accountability”

Abstract

Chapter I — Introduction

1.1 Background: Cyber Appeal Tribunal and its Role in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem: Authority, Accountability, and Governance of the Chairman
1.3 Research Objectives and Key Questions
1.4 Significance and Scope of the Study
1.5 Methodology Overview
1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II — Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Governance and Administrative Law in Judicial Tribunals
2.2 Authority, Accountability, and Decision-Making in Cyber Dispute Resolution
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Public Administration
2.4 Literature Review: Comparative and Doctrinal Insights

Chapter III — Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006: Powers and Duties of the Chairman
3.2 Related Provisions: ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, and Evidence Act, 1872
3.3 Tribunal Composition, Hierarchy, and Judicial Independence
3.4 National Policy Instruments: Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Digital Justice
3.5 Key Judicial Decisions on Tribunal Authority
 – Proper case citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
3.6 Identified Legal Gaps, Conflicts, and Ambiguities

Chapter IV — Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 Cyber Tribunals and Administrative Adjudication: Global Practices
4.2 Authority and Governance of Tribunal Heads in India, UK, USA, and Pakistan
4.3 International Cyber Law Norms and Dispute Resolution Standards
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Best Practices in Governance and Accountability

Chapter V — Research Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Analysis
5.2 Comparative and Policy-Oriented Approach
5.3 Analytical Tools:
 – Legal Adequacy Matrix
 – SWOC Grid
 – Conflict Mapping Across Relevant Laws
5.4 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Academic Articles, Reports
5.5 Limitations and Reliability

Chapter VI — Authority and Decision-Making of the Chairman

6.1 Statutory Powers: Adjudicatory, Administrative, and Supervisory Roles
6.2 Procedural Authority and Case Management
6.3 Disciplinary and Supervisory Functions over Tribunal Members and Staff
6.4 Interaction with Other Judicial and Administrative Bodies
6.5 Accountability Mechanisms and Checks on Power

Chapter VII — Judicial and Policy Analysis

7.1 Case Studies of Tribunal Decisions under Section 82
7.2 Authority Conflicts with Other Cyber Governance Bodies
7.3 Implications for Legal Certainty and Public Trust
7.4 Comparative Lessons: Accountability and Oversight Mechanisms

Chapter VIII — Ethical, Governance, and Policy Considerations

8.1 Ethical Duties of Tribunal Leadership
8.2 Transparency, Fairness, and Procedural Integrity
8.3 Institutional Coordination: BTRC, Digital Security Authority, and Courts
8.4 Policy Recommendations for Strengthening Governance

Chapter IX — Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

9.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 82 Powers
9.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
9.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.4 Strategic Implications for Tribunal Governance and Cyber Dispute Resolution

Chapter X — Recommendations

10.1 Legislative Clarifications and Policy Reforms
10.2 Enhancing Oversight and Accountability Mechanisms
10.3 Integration of Best Practices from Comparative Jurisdictions
10.4 Capacity-Building for Tribunal Leadership and Staff
10.5 Improving Transparency and Public Trust in Cyber Adjudication

Chapter XI — Findings

11.1 Key Legal, Policy, and Governance Insights
11.2 Identified Gaps and Risks in Tribunal Authority
11.3 Comparative Lessons and Strategic Recommendations

Chapter XII — Conclusion

12.1 Revisiting Research Objectives
12.2 Contributions to Law, Policy, and Governance in Bangladesh
12.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XIII — Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIV — Annexures (If Required)

A. Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 82
B. SWOC Grid for Tribunal Governance
C. Conflict Mapping Diagrams Across ICT and Cyber Laws
D. Key Judicial Case Summaries
E. Comparative Statutory Tables
F. National Policy Extracts

2410616125

FAHIM ALAM RAFI

• “From Appointment to Adjudication: Evaluating the Role, Powers, and Responsibilities of the Chairman under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh within the Context of Cyber Law Governance”

Table of Contents

Article Title: From Appointment to Adjudication: Evaluating the Role, Powers, and Responsibilities of the Chairman under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh within the Context of Cyber Law Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context of Cyber Governance in Bangladesh
1.2 Rationale and Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Questions and Objectives
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
• Case Law Analysis and Conflict Mapping
• SWOC Analysis of Cyber Appeal Tribunal
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: The Legal Framework Governing the Cyber Appeal Tribunal

2.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006 and Section 82
2.2 Related Cybersecurity and Digital Governance Laws

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Computer Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with amendments)
  2.3 National Cyber Policy and Regulatory Documents
• National ICT Policy, 2021
• Bangladesh e-Governance Strategic Framework
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments Relevant to Cyber Adjudication and Cryptocurrency Governance
  2.5 Comparative Perspectives: Key International Jurisdictions

Chapter III: Appointment, Eligibility, and Tenure of the Chairman

3.1 Statutory Provisions for Appointment under Section 82
3.2 Eligibility Criteria and Qualifications
3.3 Procedural Mechanisms and Governmental Oversight
3.4 Term, Tenure, and Conditions of Service
3.5 Comparative Insights from Other Jurisdictions

Chapter IV: Powers and Functions of the Chairman

4.1 Adjudicatory Powers under the ICT Act and Related Statutes
4.2 Administrative and Supervisory Powers
4.3 Role in Cyber Dispute Resolution and Arbitration
4.4 Coordination with Law Enforcement and Regulatory Authorities
4.5 Case Analysis: Interpretation of Powers in Landmark Judgments

• Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, PLD citations)
• Comparative International Cases (UK, USA, India, Pakistan)

Chapter V: Responsibilities and Accountability Mechanisms

5.1 Legal and Ethical Duties of the Chairman
5.2 Procedural and Substantive Responsibilities in Adjudication
5.3 Mechanisms for Judicial Oversight and Review
5.4 Accountability under National and International Standards
5.5 Case Studies on Misconduct, Bias, and Administrative Challenges

Chapter VI: Cyber Appeal Tribunal and Digital Governance: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

6.1 Intersection of Cyber Law, Technology, and Public Policy
6.2 Digital Evidence Management and Admissibility under Evidence Act, 1872
6.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Tribunal Jurisdiction
6.4 Role of Legal Adequacy Matrix and Conflict Mapping
6.5 Risk Assessment, Compliance, and SWOC Analysis

Chapter VII: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

7.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Section 82
7.2 Comparative International Case Law
7.3 Patterns and Trends in Tribunal Adjudication
7.4 Implications for Legal Certainty and Governance

Chapter VIII: Challenges and Contemporary Issues

8.1 Procedural, Administrative, and Jurisdictional Challenges
8.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Implementation
8.3 Technological Challenges: Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, and Emerging Threats
8.4 Conflicts with Other Statutes and Regulatory Overlaps

Chapter IX: Recommendations for Governance and Reform

9.1 Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks
9.2 Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Oversight
9.3 Adoption of Best Practices from International Models
9.4 Policy Recommendations for Cyber Dispute Resolution

Chapter X: Findings and Discussion

10.1 Summary of Key Findings
10.2 Implications for Legal Practice and Policy
10.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Synthesis of Research Insights
11.2 Future Research Directions
11.3 Concluding Remarks on Cyber Tribunal Governance

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Doctrinal Commentaries, Books
• Statutes and Regulatory Instruments (ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872)
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
• Reports, Policy Documents, International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Tables, Charts, or Matrices (SWOC, Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping)
• Texts of Key Statutory Provisions
• Summaries of Landmark Cases

2410816126

MD. MAHMUDUL HASAN

• “The Chairman as a Key Actor in Cyber Justice: Legal, Policy, and Administrative Perspectives under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and Their Impact on Digital Dispute Resolution Mechanisms”

Table of Contents

Article Title: The Chairman as a Key Actor in Cyber Justice: Legal, Policy, and Administrative Perspectives under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and Their Impact on Digital Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Cyber Justice and Digital Governance in Bangladesh
1.2 Significance of the Chairman in Cyber Dispute Resolution
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
• Case Law Analysis and Conflict Mapping
• SWOC Analysis and Legal Adequacy Matrix
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: The Legal and Policy Framework for Cyber Governance

2.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Related Legal Instruments

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Computer Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with amendments)
  2.3 National Policies and Regulatory Documents
• National ICT Policy, 2021
• Bangladesh e-Governance Strategic Framework
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments and Best Practices in Cyber and Cryptocurrency Governance
  2.5 Comparative Jurisdictions: International Perspectives

Chapter III: Appointment, Qualifications, and Tenure of the Chairman

3.1 Statutory Provisions under Section 82
3.2 Eligibility and Qualification Criteria
3.3 Appointment Process and Governmental Oversight
3.4 Term of Office, Remuneration, and Service Conditions
3.5 Comparative Insights from Other Jurisdictions

Chapter IV: Powers and Functions of the Chairman

4.1 Adjudicatory Powers under the ICT Act and Related Laws
4.2 Administrative and Supervisory Functions
4.3 Role in Digital Dispute Resolution and Arbitration
4.4 Coordination with Law Enforcement, Regulatory Agencies, and Technology Experts
4.5 Case Analysis: Landmark Judicial Interpretations

• Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, PLD)
• Comparative International Cases (UK, USA, India, Pakistan)

Chapter V: Responsibilities and Accountability

5.1 Legal Duties and Ethical Obligations
5.2 Procedural Responsibilities in Adjudication
5.3 Oversight, Review Mechanisms, and Remedies
5.4 Accountability under National and International Standards
5.5 Case Studies on Misconduct, Bias, or Administrative Failures

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cyber Justice

6.1 Intersection of Law, Technology, and Public Policy
6.2 Digital Evidence and Its Admissibility under Evidence Act, 1872
6.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Tribunal Jurisdiction
6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping, and SWOC Analysis
6.5 Risk Assessment and Compliance Mechanisms

Chapter VII: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law

7.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Section 82
7.2 Comparative International Case Law
7.3 Patterns and Trends in Tribunal Adjudication
7.4 Implications for Legal Certainty, Digital Governance, and Policy

Chapter VIII: Challenges in Cyber Tribunal Governance

8.1 Procedural, Administrative, and Jurisdictional Challenges
8.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Implementation
8.3 Technological Challenges: Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Emerging Threats
8.4 Conflicts and Overlaps with Other Statutes

Chapter IX: Recommendations and Reform Strategies

9.1 Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks
9.2 Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Governance
9.3 Adoption of International Best Practices
9.4 Policy Recommendations for Efficient Digital Dispute Resolution

Chapter X: Findings and Discussion

10.1 Summary of Key Findings
10.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Policy, and Administration
10.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Synthesis of Insights
11.2 Future Research Directions
11.3 Final Remarks on the Role of the Chairman in Cyber Justice

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Doctrinal Commentaries, Books
• Statutory and Regulatory Instruments (ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872)
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
• Reports, Policy Documents, International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Tables, Charts, or Matrices (SWOC, Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping)
• Texts of Key Statutory Provisions
• Summaries of Landmark Cases

2412316127

JAHIN FERDOUSNABILA

• “Judicial Leadership in the Digital Age: A Critical and Comparative Study of the Role of the Chairman under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Article Title: Judicial Leadership in the Digital Age: A Critical and Comparative Study of the Role of the Chairman under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Cyber Governance and Judicial Leadership in Bangladesh
1.2 Significance of the Chairman in Cyber Adjudication
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope, Limitations, and Relevance
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
• Case Law Examination and Conflict Mapping
• SWOC Analysis and Legal Adequacy Matrix
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Legal and Policy Framework

2.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006 and Section 82
2.2 Related Cyber Laws and Statutory Instruments

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Computer Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with amendments)
  2.3 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance
• National ICT Policy, 2021
• e-Governance Strategic Framework
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments on Cyber Law and Cryptocurrency Governance
  2.5 Comparative Jurisdictional Perspectives

Chapter III: Appointment, Qualifications, and Tenure of the Chairman

3.1 Statutory Provisions under Section 82
3.2 Eligibility Criteria and Professional Qualifications
3.3 Appointment Procedures and Government Oversight
3.4 Term of Office, Remuneration, and Conditions of Service
3.5 Comparative Insights: International Models of Cyber Tribunal Leadership

Chapter IV: Powers and Functions of the Chairman

4.1 Adjudicatory Powers under ICT Act and Related Statutes
4.2 Administrative and Supervisory Authority
4.3 Role in Cyber Dispute Resolution and Arbitration
4.4 Coordination with Regulatory Agencies, Law Enforcement, and Technology Experts
4.5 Case Analysis: Judicial Interpretation of Powers

• Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, PLD)
• Comparative Cases (India, Pakistan, UK, USA)

Chapter V: Responsibilities and Accountability

5.1 Legal and Ethical Responsibilities
5.2 Procedural Duties in Adjudication and Administration
5.3 Mechanisms for Oversight, Review, and Remedies
5.4 Accountability under National and International Standards
5.5 Case Studies: Misconduct, Bias, or Administrative Challenges

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Dimensions of Cyber Judicial Leadership

6.1 Intersection of Law, Technology, and Public Policy
6.2 Digital Evidence Management and Admissibility
6.3 Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, and Emerging Threats
6.4 Cryptocurrency Governance and Tribunal Jurisdiction
6.5 Application of Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping, and SWOC Grid

Chapter VII: Comparative and International Perspectives

7.1 Cyber Tribunal Models in Other Jurisdictions
7.2 Comparative Analysis of Powers, Accountability, and Governance
7.3 Lessons from International Legal Instruments and Best Practices
7.4 Implications for Bangladesh’s Digital Dispute Resolution Framework

Chapter VIII: Challenges in Cyber Tribunal Governance

8.1 Procedural and Administrative Challenges
8.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Implementation
8.3 Jurisdictional Overlaps and Conflicts with Other Statutes
8.4 Technological Limitations and Policy Gaps

Chapter IX: Recommendations and Reform Strategies

9.1 Strengthening Legal, Institutional, and Policy Frameworks
9.2 Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Oversight
9.3 Adoption of International Best Practices and Standards
9.4 Policy and Legislative Recommendations for Cyber Justice

Chapter X: Findings and Discussion

10.1 Summary of Key Findings
10.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Policy, and Governance
10.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions to Cyber Judicial Leadership

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Synthesis of Research Insights
11.2 Future Research Directions
11.3 Final Remarks on the Role of the Chairman in Cyber Justice

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, Doctrinal Commentaries
• Statutory and Regulatory Instruments (ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872)
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
• Reports, Policy Documents, International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• SWOC Analysis, Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping
• Texts of Key Statutory Provisions
• Summaries of Landmark Cases

2412316128

JANNATUL NAYEEM PARISA

• “Chairman of the Cyber Appeal Tribunal: Interdisciplinary Insights into Legal Authority, Accountability, and Governance under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Article Title: Chairman of the Cyber Appeal Tribunal: Interdisciplinary Insights into Legal Authority, Accountability, and Governance under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Cyber Justice and Governance in Bangladesh
1.2 Significance of the Chairman in Digital Dispute Resolution
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
• Case Law Review and Conflict Mapping
• SWOC Analysis and Legal Adequacy Matrix
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Legal and Policy Framework

2.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006 and Section 82
2.2 Related Cybersecurity and Digital Governance Laws

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Computer Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with amendments)
  2.3 National Policy and Regulatory Documents
• National ICT Policy, 2021
• Bangladesh e-Governance Strategic Framework
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments Relevant to Cyber Adjudication and Cryptocurrency Governance
  2.5 Comparative Perspectives: International Models

Chapter III: Appointment, Qualifications, and Tenure of the Chairman

3.1 Statutory Provisions under Section 82
3.2 Eligibility Criteria and Professional Qualifications
3.3 Appointment Process and Government Oversight
3.4 Tenure, Remuneration, and Service Conditions
3.5 Comparative Insights from Other Jurisdictions

Chapter IV: Powers and Functions of the Chairman

4.1 Adjudicatory Powers under ICT Act and Related Laws
4.2 Administrative and Supervisory Functions
4.3 Role in Cyber Dispute Resolution, Arbitration, and Mediation
4.4 Coordination with Law Enforcement, Regulatory Authorities, and Technology Experts
4.5 Case Analysis: Judicial Interpretation of Powers

• Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, PLD)
• Comparative Cases (India, Pakistan, UK, USA)

Chapter V: Responsibilities and Accountability Mechanisms

5.1 Legal, Ethical, and Procedural Responsibilities
5.2 Oversight, Review, and Remedies
5.3 Mechanisms for Ensuring Transparency and Accountability
5.4 Case Studies: Misconduct, Bias, and Administrative Challenges
5.5 International Best Practices in Accountability of Cyber Tribunal Heads

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Insights

6.1 Intersection of Law, Technology, and Public Policy
6.2 Digital Evidence Management and Admissibility under Evidence Act, 1872
6.3 Cybersecurity, Data Protection, and Emerging Threats
6.4 Cryptocurrency Governance and Tribunal Jurisdiction
6.5 Application of Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter VII: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law

7.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Section 82
7.2 Comparative International Case Law
7.3 Patterns and Trends in Cyber Tribunal Adjudication
7.4 Implications for Legal Certainty, Governance, and Policy

Chapter VIII: Challenges in Cyber Tribunal Governance

8.1 Procedural and Administrative Challenges
8.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Implementation
8.3 Conflicts with Other Statutes and Regulatory Overlaps
8.4 Technological Limitations and Policy Gaps

Chapter IX: Recommendations and Reform Strategies

9.1 Strengthening Legal, Institutional, and Policy Frameworks
9.2 Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Governance
9.3 Adoption of International Best Practices
9.4 Policy and Legislative Recommendations for Cyber Justice

Chapter X: Findings and Discussion

10.1 Summary of Key Findings
10.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Policy, and Governance
10.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions to Cyber Judicial Leadership

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Synthesis of Research Insights
11.2 Future Research Directions
11.3 Concluding Remarks on the Role of the Chairman in Cyber Justice

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, Doctrinal Commentaries
• Statutes and Regulatory Instruments (ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872)
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
• Reports, Policy Documents, International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• SWOC Grid, Legal Adequacy Matrix, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Texts of Key Statutory Provisions
• Summaries of Landmark Cases

2412416129

NURZAHAN AKTER RIPA

• “Cyber Adjudication and the Role of the Chairman: An In-Depth Study of Powers, Responsibilities, and Legal Challenges under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Article Title: Cyber Adjudication and the Role of the Chairman: An In-Depth Study of Powers, Responsibilities, and Legal Challenges under Section 82 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Cyber Governance and Adjudication in Bangladesh
1.2 Significance of the Chairman in Cyber Dispute Resolution
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Analysis
• Case Law Analysis and Conflict Mapping
• SWOC Analysis and Legal Adequacy Matrix
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Legal and Policy Framework

2.1 Overview of the ICT Act, 2006 and Section 82
2.2 Related Cybersecurity and Digital Governance Laws

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Computer Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with amendments)
  2.3 National Policy Documents
• National ICT Policy, 2021
• Bangladesh e-Governance Strategic Framework
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments on Cyber Law and Cryptocurrency Governance
  2.5 Comparative Perspectives: International Models and Best Practices

Chapter III: Appointment, Qualifications, and Tenure of the Chairman

3.1 Statutory Provisions under Section 82
3.2 Eligibility and Professional Qualifications
3.3 Appointment Process and Governmental Oversight
3.4 Term, Remuneration, and Conditions of Service
3.5 Comparative Insights: Cyber Tribunal Leadership in Other Jurisdictions

Chapter IV: Powers and Functions of the Chairman

4.1 Adjudicatory Powers under the ICT Act and Related Statutes
4.2 Administrative and Supervisory Functions
4.3 Role in Cyber Dispute Resolution, Arbitration, and Mediation
4.4 Coordination with Law Enforcement, Regulatory Bodies, and Technology Experts
4.5 Judicial Interpretation and Case Analysis

• Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, PLD)
• Comparative International Cases (India, Pakistan, UK, USA)

Chapter V: Responsibilities and Accountability

5.1 Legal, Ethical, and Procedural Responsibilities
5.2 Oversight and Review Mechanisms
5.3 Transparency, Governance, and Accountability Standards
5.4 Case Studies: Misconduct, Bias, and Administrative Challenges
5.5 International Best Practices in Cyber Tribunal Accountability

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cyber Adjudication

6.1 Intersection of Law, Technology, and Public Policy
6.2 Digital Evidence: Collection, Management, and Admissibility under Evidence Act, 1872
6.3 Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, and Emerging Technological Threats
6.4 Cryptocurrency Governance and Tribunal Jurisdiction
6.5 Application of Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter VII: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

7.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Section 82
7.2 Comparative International Case Law
7.3 Trends and Patterns in Tribunal Adjudication
7.4 Implications for Legal Certainty, Governance, and Policy Reform

Chapter VIII: Challenges in Cyber Tribunal Governance

8.1 Procedural and Administrative Challenges
8.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Implementation
8.3 Conflicts with Other Statutes and Regulatory Overlaps
8.4 Technological Limitations and Policy Gaps

Chapter IX: Recommendations and Reform Strategies

9.1 Strengthening Legal, Institutional, and Policy Frameworks
9.2 Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Governance
9.3 Adoption of International Best Practices
9.4 Policy and Legislative Recommendations for Effective Cyber Justice

Chapter X: Findings and Discussion

10.1 Summary of Key Findings
10.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Policy, and Governance
10.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions to Cyber Adjudication

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Synthesis of Research Insights
11.2 Future Research Directions
11.3 Concluding Remarks on the Role of the Chairman in Cyber Justice

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Doctrinal Commentaries, Books
• Statutory and Regulatory Instruments (ICT Act 2006, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act 1872)
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD)
• Reports, Policy Documents, and International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• SWOC Analysis, Legal Adequacy Matrix, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Texts of Key Statutory Provisions
• Summaries of Landmark Cases

2410716130

MD. SHISHIR SHEIKH

“Digital Authenticity and Evidentiary Value: A Doctrinal Appraisal of ‘Electronic Form’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Application in Courts and Administrative Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context of the Study
1.2 The Rise of Digital Evidence in Bangladesh: Judiciary and Administrative Uses
1.3 Research Problem and Core Debates on “Electronic Form”
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope, Significance, and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.7 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Method
• Case Law Analysis
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping Framework
  1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Technical, Legal, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Digital Authenticity

• Reliability Theory of Evidence
• Chain of Custody Integrity Model
• Information Security Principles (CIA Triad, Zero Trust Models)
  2.3 Global Standards for Digital Evidence
• UNCITRAL, Budapest Convention, ISO/IEC Standards
  2.4 Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Authenticity
• FATF Guidelines
• EU MiCA Regulation
• NIST Crypto Standards
  2.5 Doctrinal Approaches to Electronic Evidence in Commonwealth Jurisdictions

Chapter III: Legal Landscape of Electronic Evidence in Bangladesh

3.1 The ICT Act, 2006 (Sections 2, 5, 6, 8, 82)
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended) – Sections 3, 22A, 65A–65B
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 – Electronic Record Provisions
3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023 – Certification and Authenticity Requirements
3.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 – Digital Forensics and CII Framework
3.6 Sector-Specific Regulations

• Bangladesh Bank Guidelines
• BTRC Regulations on Electronic Records
• National ICT Policy 2018 and Data Governance Framework
  3.7 Comparative Doctrinal Analysis: India, Pakistan, UK, USA

Chapter IV: Judicial Interpretation of “Electronic Form”

4.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Judgments

• State vs. Md. Arifuzzaman (DLR citation)
• State vs. ATM Azharul Islam (ICT evidence admissibility issues)
• ACC vs. Mizanur Rahman (MLR/BLD citations)
  4.2 Key Indian Precedents
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, (SCC citation)
• Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh
  4.3 Pakistani, UK, and US Jurisprudence
• PLD, AIR, UKHL, USSC interpretations of digital evidence
  4.4 Analysis of Conflicting Jurisprudence
  4.5 Doctrinal Assessment of Judicial Approaches in Bangladesh

Chapter V: Evidentiary Value of Electronic Records

5.1 Criteria for Admissibility
5.2 Presumptions of Authenticity under ICT Act and Evidence Act
5.3 Standards for Verification and Certification
5.4 Chain of Custody in Digital Evidence
5.5 Accuracy and Integrity of Digital Documents
5.6 Metadata, Hash Value, Blockchain Verification
5.7 Expert Testimony and Forensic Laboratory Reports
5.8 Application in Administrative Decision-Making (e-Government Services)

Chapter VI: Digital Authenticity in Administrative Governance

6.1 Use of Electronic Records in Public Administration
6.2 e-Governance, e-Filing, e-Service Rules
6.3 Challenges in Digital Documentation in Government Departments
6.4 Compliance with ICT Act, DSA, CSA & CPO Requirements
6.5 Blockchain and AI-Assisted Records in Administrative Governance
6.6 Case Studies

• Passport Office e-Record Litigation
• Land Records Digitization Disputes

Chapter VII: Cross-Jurisdictional and Comparative Analysis

7.1 United Kingdom: Computer Evidence Presumptions
7.2 United States: Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE 901, 902)
7.3 Singapore, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka Models
7.4 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance Regimes Worldwide
7.5 Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Interdisciplinary Tools and Conflict Analysis

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Electronic Evidence under ICT Act
8.2 SWOC Grid (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges)
8.3 Conflict Mapping of Authentication Disputes
8.4 Risk Models for Digital Evidence Tampering
8.5 Stakeholder Analysis: Judiciary, Law Enforcement, Administrative Agencies, Citizens

Chapter IX: Findings and Discussion

9.1 Key Doctrinal Insights
9.2 Gaps in Law, Policy, and Enforcement
9.3 Inconsistencies between Judicial Practice and Statutory Mandates
9.4 Administrative Governance Challenges
9.5 Empirical Trends from Case Surveys

Chapter X: Policy Recommendations and Reform Proposals

10.1 Standardizing Digital Evidence Certification in Bangladesh
10.2 Recommendations for Courts and Tribunals
10.3 Creating National Digital Forensics Guidelines
10.4 Integration of Blockchain and AI Tools
10.5 Reform Suggestions for ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, and CPO 2025
10.6 Training and Capacity-Building for Judges and Officials

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Arguments
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship
11.3 Limitations of the Study
11.4 Areas for Further Research

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

A. Sample Digital Evidence Certification Form
B. Hashing and Metadata Verification Demonstrations
C. Legal Adequacy Matrix Template
D. SWOC Grid Template
E. Conflict Mapping Chart
F. Relevant Statutory Extracts
G. Comparative Table of International Digital Evidence Laws

2410916131

RAHIM SARKER

“Reimagining Legal Recognition of Data: An Interdisciplinary Evaluation of ‘Electronic Form’ under Section 5 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Adequacy for Emerging Technologies”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background to Data Recognition and Digital Legal Personhood
1.2 Contextualizing “Electronic Form” within Section 5 of the ICT Act, 2006
1.3 The Paradigm Shift: From Data as Information to Data as Legal Evidence
1.4 Problem Statement and Research Gap
1.5 Core Research Questions
1.6 Objectives of the Study
1.7 Significance and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.8 Methodology

• Doctrinal Analysis
• Comparative Legal Study
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping
  1.9 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining “Electronic Form”: Legal, Technological, and Philosophical Dimensions
2.2 Nature of Data: Structured, Unstructured, Encrypted, Hash-Based, and Blockchain Data
2.3 Foundations of Digital Epistemology

• Authenticity, Integrity, Non-Repudiation
  2.4 Cyber-Physical Systems, IoT, AI, and Big Data in Legal Context
  2.5 Global Theoretical Approaches to Digital Evidence
• Crypto-governance instruments (EU MiCA, FATF, NIST standards)
  2.6 Relevance to Cryptocurrency, Tokenized Assets, and Smart Contracts

Chapter III: Statutory Landscape of Data Recognition in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006 (with special focus on Section 5: Legal Recognition of Electronic Form)
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (Sections 3, 22A, 65A–65B after amendments)
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 – Recognition and Regulation of Electronic Data
3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023 – Cyber Data and Forensic Authenticity Clauses
3.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 – CII and Data Verification Mechanisms
3.6 Data Governance and Sectoral Regulations

• BTRC, Bangladesh Bank, NID Authority, Land Records Digitization
  3.7 National ICT Policy, Digital Platform Guidelines, and Government Data Frameworks
  3.8 Comparative Statutory Review: India, Pakistan, Singapore, UK, USA

Chapter IV: Judicial Approaches to “Electronic Form”

4.1 Key Bangladeshi Judgments

• State vs. Md. Arifuzzaman (DLR citation)
• ACC vs. Mizanur Rahman (MLR/BLD citation)
• State vs. ATM Azharul Islam (ICT evidence issues)
  4.2 Indian Supreme Court and High Court Interpretation
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC)
• Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (SCC)
  4.3 Pakistani, UK, and US jurisprudence
• PLD, AIR, UKHL, USSC authorities
  4.4 Conflicting Judicial Standards: Certificate Requirements & Metadata
  4.5 Doctrinal Assessment: Adequacy of Section 5 for Emerging Technologies

Chapter V: Evidentiary Value and Authentication of Electronic Data

5.1 Admissibility Tests for “Electronic Form”
5.2 Presumptions under ICT Act and Evidence Act
5.3 Authentication Mechanisms

• Hash Functions
• Timestamping
• Chain-of-Custody Protocols
• Blockchain-Based Validation
  5.4 Machine-Generated Evidence: AI Logs, IoT Data, Algorithmic Outputs
  5.5 Forensic Technology and Expert Testimony Requirements
  5.6 Administrative Applications in e-Governance, e-Filing, e-Service Platforms

Chapter VI: Adequacy of Section 5 for Emerging Technologies

6.1 Data Types Unforeseen by the ICT Act (Blockchain, AI, IoT, Smart Contracts)
6.2 Compatibility Analysis: Section 5 vs. Modern Digital Ecosystems
6.3 Cryptocurrency and Tokenized Transactions as “Electronic Form”
6.4 Challenges in Legalizing Autonomous Machine Data
6.5 Synthetic Media, Deepfakes, and Authenticity Disputes
6.6 Case Studies from Bangladesh and Global Jurisdictions
6.7 Policy Blind Spots and Doctrinal Tensions

Chapter VII: Comparative Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis

7.1 UK’s Digital Evidence Framework
7.2 USA’s Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE 901, 902)—Machine and Digital Evidence
7.3 Singapore’s Electronic Transactions Act
7.4 India’s Information Technology Act (Section 4 & Section 65B Evidence Act)
7.5 Pakistani Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002
7.6 Crypto-Governance across EU, Japan, UAE, Germany, and South Korea
7.7 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization and Model Standards

Chapter VIII: Interdisciplinary Tools for Evaluating Legal Adequacy

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 5 of ICT Act
8.2 SWOC Analysis

• Strengths
• Weaknesses
• Opportunities
• Challenges
  8.3 Conflict Mapping of Digital Evidence Disputes
  8.4 Risk Matrix for Data Manipulation and Cyber Forensics
  8.5 Stakeholder Analysis (Judiciary, Law Enforcement, Regulators, Citizens, Tech Sector)

Chapter IX: Findings and Analytical Discussion

9.1 Doctrinal Findings from Statutes and Case Law
9.2 Technology-Law Gaps Identified
9.3 Institutional Weaknesses and Administrative Challenges
9.4 Comparative Inconsistencies
9.5 Impact on Digital Economy and Governance
9.6 Summary of Empirical and Theoretical Insights

Chapter X: Recommendations and Reform Proposals

10.1 Reforming Section 5 of the ICT Act, 2006
10.2 Harmonizing ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, and CPO 2025
10.3 Standards for AI, Blockchain, and Machine-Generated Data
10.4 National Forensic Guidelines for Digital and Crypto Evidence
10.5 Judicial Capacity-Building and Digital Evidence Training
10.6 Model Legal Framework for Data Recognition in Bangladesh
10.7 Recommendations for National Digital Policy Reform

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Arguments
11.2 Contributions to Academic Literature
11.3 Limitations of the Study
11.4 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

A. Extracts from ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
B. Legal Adequacy Matrix Template
C. SWOC Grid Template
D. Conflict Mapping Model
E. Tables of International Crypto-Governance Standards
F. Case Law Summary Tables
G. Diagrams: Data Flow, Hashing, Blockchain Verification, Chain of Custody

2412016132

ISRAT JAHAN

“Towards a Paperless Legal Ecosystem: Reforming the Definition and Application of ‘Electronic Form’ under the ICT Act, 2006 of Bangladesh to Align with International Best Practices in Digital Governance and Evidence Law”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: From Paper-Based Bureaucracy to Digital Governance
1.2 The Role of “Electronic Form” in Modern Legal Systems
1.3 Rationale for Reforming Section 5 of the ICT Act, 2006
1.4 Problem Statement & Research Gap
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Objectives of the Study
1.7 Significance & Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.8 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Method
• Case Law Analysis
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping
  1.9 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 The Concept of “Electronic Form”: Legal, Technical & Governance Perspectives
2.2 Digital Documentation, e-Records, Metadata, and Digital Trust Frameworks
2.3 Principles of Electronic Evidence

• Authenticity
• Integrity
• Non-repudiation
• Chain of Custody
  2.4 Theoretical Approaches to Digital Governance
• Digital Bureaucracy Theory
• Socio-Technical Systems Theory
  2.5 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, IoT, AI, Smart Contracts, Cloud Storage
  2.6 Cryptocurrency and Tokenised Assets within International Governance Frameworks
• FATF, BIS, EU MiCA, NIST Crypto Guidelines
  2.7 Implications of Technological Trends for “Electronic Form” Interpretation

Chapter III: Statutory Landscape of Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Legislative History
• Interpretation of Section 5 (Legal Recognition of Electronic Form)
  3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (Sections 3, 22A, 65A, 65B – amended provisions)
  3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018
  3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023
  3.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.6 Other Relevant Statutes and Rules
• BTRC Regulations
• Bangladesh Bank Digital Payment Guidelines
• National ICT Policy 2018
• National Data Governance Framework
  3.7 Institutional Readiness: Courts, Administrative Bodies & Law Enforcement
  3.8 Comparative Statutory Positions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA, Singapore

Chapter IV: Judicial Interpretation and Emerging Jurisprudence

4.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases

• State vs. Md. Arifuzzaman (DLR)
• ACC vs. Mizanur Rahman (MLR/BLD)
• State vs. ATM Azharul Islam (ICT Records Issues)
  4.2 Indian High Court and Supreme Court Precedents
• Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (SCC)
• Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Gorantyal (SCC)
  4.3 Pakistani, UK, US & Commonwealth Authorities
• PLD, AIR, UKHL, USSC, MLR principles
  4.4 Judicial Standards for Certification, Metadata & Device Integrity
  4.5 Conflicts and Inconsistencies in Jurisprudence
  4.6 Doctrinal Evaluation of Current Interpretative Trends

Chapter V: Evidentiary Value and Authentication of Electronic Records

5.1 Admissibility Framework under ICT Act & Evidence Act
5.2 Reliability Standards: Technical and Legal
5.3 Digital Authentication Tools

• Hash Values, Metadata, Timestamps
• Digital Signatures & PKI
• Blockchain-based Authentication
  5.4 Machine-Generated Evidence (AI Logs, IoT Devices, Algorithmic Outputs)
  5.5 Forensic Standards: National, Regional, International
  5.6 Administrative Applications: e-Filing, e-Notary, e-Government Records
  5.7 Case-Based Evaluation of Evidentiary Practices

Chapter VI: Alignment with International Best Practices

6.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws (MLEC, MLES)
6.2 Singapore’s Electronic Transactions Act
6.3 India’s Information Technology Act (Section 4, 65B Evidence Act)
6.4 UK’s Digital Evidence Standards & Civil Procedure Rules
6.5 USA Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE 901, 902)
6.6 EU Digital Services Framework, GDPR and MiCA Regulations
6.7 Global Cryptocurrency Governance and Implications for e-Records
6.8 Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter VII: Adequacy of Section 5 of the ICT Act in a Changing Technological Landscape

7.1 Compatibility of Section 5 with Blockchain, AI, IoT & Autonomous Systems
7.2 Legal Gaps in the Recognition of New Forms of Electronic Records
7.3 Challenges of Digital Identity, Digital Signatures & Cross-Border Data Flow
7.4 Cybersecurity, Data Governance and Digital Sovereignty Issues
7.5 Case Studies Demonstrating Adequacy/Inadequacy
7.6 The Paperless Ecosystem Vision: Legal-Technical Integration

Chapter VIII: Interdisciplinary Analytical Tools

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 5 Assessment
8.2 SWOC Grid

• Strengths
• Weaknesses
• Opportunities
• Challenges
  8.3 Conflict Mapping: Authentication Disputes & Litigation Patterns
  8.4 Risk Matrix for Data Manipulation and Procedural Vulnerabilities
  8.5 Stakeholder Analysis: Judiciary, Government, Tech Industry, Public

Chapter IX: Findings and Discussion

9.1 Summary of Empirical & Doctrinal Findings
9.2 Interpretation Gaps and Institutional Weaknesses
9.3 Inconsistencies in Policy and Practice
9.4 Impact on Digital Governance and E-Justice
9.5 Implications for Cross-Border Data and International Cooperation
9.6 Synthesis of Interdisciplinary Insights

Chapter X: Recommendations & Reform Proposals

10.1 Proposed Amendments to Section 5 of ICT Act, 2006
10.2 Harmonizing ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
10.3 Creating a Unified Digital Evidence Framework for Bangladesh
10.4 Adoption of International Best Practices (UNCITRAL, EU, UK, USA)
10.5 Institutional Reforms: Judiciary, Police, Regulatory Agencies
10.6 Developing National Digital Forensics and e-Governance Standards
10.7 Roadmap Toward a Paperless Legal Ecosystem
10.8 Capacity-Building and Digital Literacy for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Recapitulation of Key Arguments
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship
11.3 Limitations of the Study
11.4 Recommendations for Future Research

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

A. Extracts of Relevant Statutes
B. Legal Adequacy Matrix (Completed Version)
C. Sample SWOC Grid
D. Conflict Mapping Diagram
E. Table of Key Case Summaries
F. International Comparison Charts
G. Evidence Authentication Workflow Models

2412116133

BABY RANI

“Digitalizing the Voice of the State: A Doctrinal and Policy Analysis of ‘Electronic Gazette’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Implications for Legal Authenticity and Public Access”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Evolution of State Publication Practices
1.2 Transition from Print Gazette to Electronic Gazette: Global and Local Trends
1.3 Legal and Democratic Importance of Authentic Government Publications
1.4 Defining the Research Problem
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Scope, Limitations, and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.7 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Analytical Method
• Comparative Legal Analysis
• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping
  1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Conceptualizing “Electronic Gazette”: Public Law, Information Law, and Governance Perspectives
2.2 Legal Theories on State Authenticity, Notification, and Legal Effectiveness
2.3 Digital Record Theory: Authenticity, Integrity, Reliability, Preservation
2.4 Technical Foundations: Metadata, Hashing, Digital Signatures, Blockchain Models
2.5 E-Governance Principles: Transparency, Accountability, Accessibility
2.6 Crypto-Governance Standards and Their Relevance to State Publications
— FATF Guidance
— EU MiCA Regulations
— NIST Framework for Digital Trust
2.7 Theoretical Link Between Digital Authenticity and Legality of State Action

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006 – Doctrinal Analysis of ‘Electronic Gazette’ Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (Sections 3, 22A, 65A–65B)
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 and Cyber Security Act, 2023
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 – Implications for Critical Information Infrastructure
3.5 Administrative Rules, Gazette Publication Manual, and Digital Publication Guidelines
3.6 Relevant National Policy Documents
— National ICT Policy 2018
— Digital Bangladesh Vision 2041
— National Data Governance Framework
3.7 Institutional Readiness: SOG, Cabinet Division, Law Ministry, BCC, BTRC
3.8 Interaction Between Electronic Gazette and Other Legal Instruments

*Chapter IV: Judicial Interpretation and Doctrinal Debates

4.1 Leading Bangladeshi Cases on Gazette, Publication, and Legal Effect
— Bangladesh vs. Md. Amena Begum (DLR)
— Government of Bangladesh vs. Mirza Shahidul Islam (BLD/MLR)
— Cases involving Gazette notification validity and timing
4.2 Indian Jurisprudence
— Union of India v. Lokniti Foundation (SCC)
— State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Shyam Sunder (AIR/SCC)
4.3 Pakistani, UK, and US Judicial Standards
— PLD, AIR, UKHL, USSC precedents
4.4 Doctrinal Controversies:
— Whether electronic notification equals “official publication”
— Standard of authenticity and presumption of validity
4.5 Implications for Bangladesh’s Administrative and Constitutional Law

Chapter V: Technical and Evidentiary Dimensions of Electronic Gazette

5.1 Authentication: Hash Values, PKI, Timestamping, Digital Signatures
5.2 Evidentiary Requirements under ICT Act and Evidence Act
5.3 Chain of Custody for State Documents
5.4 Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies as Models for State Publications
5.5 Risks: Tampering, Deletion, Unauthorized Alteration
5.6 Requirements for Forensic Verifiability of Government Documents
5.7 Comparative Study: FRE 901/902 (USA), UK CPR, Indian 65B standards

Chapter VI: Policy and Governance Implications

6.1 Electronic Gazette and Access to Justice
6.2 Democratic Accountability and Transparency Outcomes
6.3 Administrative Efficiency and Bureaucratic Modernization
6.4 Impact on Public Participation and Right to Information
6.5 Data Protection, Privacy, and Cybersecurity Issues
6.6 Risks of Digital Divide & Unequal Access

Chapter VII: Comparative Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis

7.1 India: e-Gazette System and Legislative Framework
7.2 Pakistan: E-Notification Models and Judicial Scrutiny
7.3 Singapore: Digital Gazette under Electronic Transactions Act
7.4 United Kingdom: Online Gazette Publication Standards
7.5 United States: Federal Register, e-Government Act, and Authentication
7.6 EU Standards and Digital Government Principles
7.7 Lessons for Bangladesh: Best Practices and Harmonization

Chapter VIII: Assessing the Adequacy of Electronic Gazette under ICT Act

8.1 Applicability to Emerging Technologies
8.2 Gaps in Language, Scope, and Implementation
8.3 Institutional Limitations and Infrastructural Constraints
8.4 Public Trust and Perception Issues
8.5 Testing Adequacy using Legal Adequacy Matrix
8.6 SWOC Analysis
— Strengths
— Weaknesses
— Opportunities
— Challenges
8.7 Conflict Mapping: Stakeholder Conflicts & Systemic Barriers

Chapter IX: Findings and Discussion

9.1 Doctrinal Findings: Statutory & Judicial
9.2 Empirical Findings from Government Practices
9.3 Cross-Jurisdictional Insights
9.4 Technology-Law Interface Issues
9.5 Policy Gaps Identified
9.6 Implications for Digital Governance & Rule of Law

Chapter X: Reform Proposals and Recommendations

10.1 Legislative Amendments to ICT Act (Electronic Gazette Provisions)
10.2 Harmonizing Statutes: Evidence Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
10.3 Establishing a National Framework for Authentic Digital Publications
10.4 Technical Standards: Mandatory Signing, Hashing, and Version Control
10.5 Ensuring Universal Access and Bridging the Digital Divide
10.6 Institutional Reforms: SOG, Cabinet Division, Judiciary, Law Ministry
10.7 Model Standards Based on UNCITRAL, EU, UK, Singapore, USA
10.8 Developing a Secure, Tamper-Proof National Gazette Repository

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Core Arguments
11.2 Contribution to Legal and Governance Scholarship
11.3 Limitations
11.4 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

A. Extracts from ICT Act, Evidence Act, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
B. Legal Adequacy Matrix Template
C. SWOC Grid Template
D. Conflict Mapping Charts
E. Comparative Tables of International Gazette Systems
F. Case Law Summary Tables
G. Technical Diagrams of Authentication Models

2410116134

MD. ARIFUL ISLAM TALUKDER

“From Print to Pixels: The Legal Transformation of the Official Gazette in Bangladesh under the ICT Act, 2006 and its Relevance to E-Governance and Democratic Accountability”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale: The Shift from Print Gazette to Digital Gazette
1.2 Research Problem: Legal Ambiguities in the Recognition of Electronic Gazette under ICT Act, 2006
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance for E-Governance, Administrative Law, and Democratic Accountability
1.7 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology

2.1 Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research Method
2.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Case Law, Policy Documents, Scholarly Articles
2.3 Analytical Tools Employed
 2.3.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
 2.3.2 SWOC Grid (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Challenges)
 2.3.3 Conflict Mapping Across Relevant Laws
2.4 Citation and Referencing Framework (APA 7th Edition, Footnotes/Endnotes)

Chapter III: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

3.1 The Concept of “Gazette” in Public Law Tradition
3.2 “Electronic Gazette” and Evolution of Digital Legal Instruments
3.3 Theories of Legal Authenticity and Digital Trust Infrastructure
3.4 Open Government, Right to Information (RTI), and Democratic Accountability
3.5 Comparative Doctrines on Electronic Government Publications (EU, UK, USA, India, Singapore)

Chapter IV: Statutory and Regulatory Foundations of Gazette Publication in Bangladesh

4.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definition, Legal Recognition, and Scope of “Electronic Gazette”
4.2 Evidence Act 1872 (as amended): Electronic Records, Presumptions of Authenticity
4.3 Digital Security Act (DSA) 2018 and Cyber Security Act (CSA) 2023: Intersections with Digital Publications
4.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO) 2025: Implications for Official Notifications
4.5 Other Sectoral Legislation and Rules (RTI Act 2009, Public Records Act, National ICT Policy, etc.)
4.6 Policy Documents on Digital Governance and Public Service Delivery

Chapter V: Global Regulatory and Institutional Standards

5.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws on E-Commerce, E-Signatures, and Electronic Transferable Records
5.2 International Best Practices on Digital Gazette (UK Official Gazette, US Federal Register, EU Publications Office, India’s e-Gazette)
5.3 Relevance of Global Cryptocurrency Governance Instruments for Blockchain-based Gazette Authentication
5.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Legal Harmonization and Standardization

Chapter VI: Judicial Approaches to Gazette and Electronic Records

6.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Gazette and Digital Evidence
 — DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG citations
6.2 Indian Judicial Perspective (AIR, SCC) on Electronic Gazette and E-Governance
6.3 Pakistan (PLD), UK, and US Case References on Official Digital Publications
6.4 Presumptions of Authenticity, Burden of Proof, and Evidentiary Value of Electronic Gazette
6.5 Judicial Gaps and Doctrinal Conflicts in Bangladesh

Chapter VII: Administrative Practice and Digital Transformation of Gazette Publication

7.1 Historical Evolution of the Bangladesh Official Gazette
7.2 Government Mechanisms for Digital Gazette Publication
7.3 Technical Architecture: Authentication, Timestamping, Archiving
7.4 Challenges in Public Access, Digital Divide, and Authenticity Assurance
7.5 Analysis of Gazette Publication during National Emergencies and Crises
7.6 Empirical Review of User Accessibility and Government Compliance

Chapter VIII: Critical Appraisal Using Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Evaluating ICT Act Provisions vs. International Standards
8.2 SWOC Analysis of Electronic Gazette System in Bangladesh
 Strengths – Weaknesses – Opportunities – Challenges
8.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and CPO 2025
8.4 Identifying Doctrinal Gaps, Redundancies, and Practical Inconsistencies

Chapter IX: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Digital Gazette and Democratic Accountability

9.1 ICT Governance and Administrative Efficiency
9.2 Transparency, Public Participation, and Open Data
9.3 Political Science Perspective: Gazette as a Tool of Executive Legitimacy
9.4 Technological Perspectives: Cybersecurity, Blockchain, PKI, and Digital Signatures
9.5 Socio-Legal Implications: Equity, Access, and Public Trust

Chapter X: Comparative Analysis with Other Jurisdictions

10.1 India’s e-Gazette Framework under IT Act 2000
10.2 United Kingdom’s Electronic Gazette and Digital Publication Norms
10.3 US Federal Register’s Digital Transformation
10.4 Singapore’s Electronic Government Ordinance Model
10.5 Lessons for Bangladesh and Prospects for Harmonization

Chapter XI: Findings and Discussion

11.1 Key Doctrinal Findings
11.2 Technological and Administrative Findings
11.3 Comparative Insights
11.4 Implications for Rule of Law, Governance, and Democratic Accountability

Chapter XII: Recommendations for Reform

12.1 Legislative Amendments to ICT Act 2006 and Evidence Act 1872
12.2 Policy Recommendations for Enhancing Authenticity & Accessibility
12.3 Integrating Blockchain or DLT for Secure Gazette Publication
12.4 Proposals for Standardized Digital Archiving and Metadata Rules
12.5 Framework for Ensuring Public Access and Reducing Digital Divide
12.6 Roadmap for Harmonization with International Best Practices

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Insights
13.2 Long-Term Impact on E-Governance and Democratic Accountability
13.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

A. Sample Gazette Formats (Print vs. Electronic)
B. Legislative Excerpts
C. Tables, Diagrams, SWOC Grid, Legal Adequacy Matrix
D. Summary of Key Judicial Decisions

2412316135

KHUSI RANY

“The Jurisprudence of Electronic Gazette: Evaluating the Legal Status, Authenticity, and Evidentiary Value of Digital Government Publications under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study: Digitalization of Government Publications
1.2 Research Problem: Unsettled Jurisprudence on Electronic Gazette
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Justification and Significance for Legal System, Governance, and Public Access
1.6 Scope and Delimitations
1.7 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodological Framework

2.1 Doctrinal Legal Research: Sources, Nature, and Limitations
2.2 Comparative Legal Analysis: Jurisdictions and Instruments Reviewed
2.3 Analytical Tools and Frameworks
 2.3.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
 2.3.2 SWOC Grid
 2.3.3 Conflict Mapping
2.4 Use of Case Law, Statutes, and Secondary Literature
2.5 Citation and Referencing Style (APA 7th Edition with Footnotes/Endnotes)

Chapter III: Conceptual Foundations of Electronic Gazette

3.1 Definition and Historical Evolution of Government Gazette
3.2 Emergence of “Electronic Gazette” in Global Administrative Law
3.3 Legal Philosophy of Authenticity: Formalism, Reliability, and Public Trust
3.4 Digital Documents vs. Electronic Records: Doctrinal Distinctions
3.5 The Role of Gazette in Rule of Law, Public Notice, and Legislative Validity

Chapter IV: Statutory and Doctrinal Basis of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh

4.1 ICT Act, 2006: Statutory Recognition and Scope of “Electronic Gazette”
4.2 Evidence Act 1872 (as amended): Authenticity, Presumptions, and Admissibility of Digital Gazette
4.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cyber Security Act 2023: Impacts on Digital Publications
4.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO) 2025: Emerging Safeguards for Authentic Government Digital Records
4.5 Cross-Statutory Conflicts and Overlaps (RTI Act 2009, Public Records Act, National ICT Policy, etc.)
4.6 Doctrinal Commentaries and Scholarly Interpretations

Chapter V: National Policy and Administrative Framework

5.1 Evolution of Bangladesh Government Gazette System
5.2 Ministry of Law, Parliamentary Affairs & Justice: Administrative Protocols
5.3 National ICT Policy, Digital Bangladesh Vision, and e-Governance Strategy
5.4 Technical Architecture for Electronic Gazette: Digital Signatures, PKI, Metadata, and Archival Standards
5.5 Challenges in Access, Digital Divide, and Citizen Trust
5.6 Alignment with UN E-Government Development Index (EGDI)

Chapter VI: Judicial Treatment of Gazette and Electronic Records

6.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Case Law Interpreting Gazette and Digital Evidence
 – Citing DLR, BLD, BLT, CLC, MLR, SCOB, LG
6.2 Indian Jurisprudence (AIR, SCC): Authoritativeness of E-Gazette
6.3 Pakistani Precedents (PLD): Framework for Electronic Government Notices
6.4 UK and US Cases: Authenticity of Digital Government Records
6.5 Judicial Doctrines on Burden of Proof, Authenticity, and Official Presumptions
6.6 Gaps, Inconsistencies, and Absence of Clear Judicial Guidance in Bangladesh

Chapter VII: Global Standards and Comparative Regulatory Frameworks

7.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws (MLEC, MLES, MLETR)
7.2 European Union Digital Publication Standards
7.3 US Federal Register and e-CFR Digital Authentication Model
7.4 India’s Electronic Gazette under the Information Technology Act 2000
7.5 Integration of Cryptographic Governance (Blockchain, Cryptocurrency-ledger Models)
7.6 Relevance for Reforming Bangladesh’s Electronic Gazette Ecosystem

Chapter VIII: Evidentiary Value of Electronic Gazette

8.1 Theoretical Foundations of Evidentiary Authenticity
8.2 Admissibility of Electronic Gazette under Evidence Act 1872
8.3 Presumption of Authenticity and Integrity of Government Digital Records
8.4 Fraud, Cyber Manipulation, and Risks to Legal Validity
8.5 Comparative Evidentiary Status: US, UK, India, Singapore
8.6 Harmonization Issues between ICT Act and Evidence Act

Chapter IX: Critical Assessment Through Analytical Frameworks

9.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessing Statutory Fitness of ICT Act, 2006
9.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
 – Technical, legal, social, and governance dimensions
9.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act
9.4 Identification of Doctrinal Gaps, Practical Challenges, and Reform Priorities

Chapter X: Interdisciplinary Implications of Electronic Gazette

10.1 Governance and Public Administration: Transparency, Accountability, Efficiency
10.2 Political Science Perspective: Gazette as a Mechanism of State Authority
10.3 Information Science and Technology: Cybersecurity, Hashing, Timestamping Infrastructure
10.4 Sociological Perspective: Access to Justice, Public Awareness, and Digital Literacy
10.5 Economic Implications: Cost Efficiency and Market Regulation

Chapter XI: Comparative Lessons and Best Practices for Bangladesh

11.1 Integrating International Standards and Norms
11.2 Adopting Blockchain-Based Authenticity Layers
11.3 Digital Archiving and Long-term Preservation Practices
11.4 Policy Framework for Inter-agency Coordination
11.5 Harmonizing Evidentiary Law with Emerging Digital Realities

Chapter XII: Findings and Discussion

12.1 Key Doctrinal Findings
12.2 Administrative and Practical Findings
12.3 Comparative Insights from Foreign Jurisdictions
12.4 Implications for Rule of Law, Transparency, and Democratic Governance

Chapter XIII: Recommendations for Reform

13.1 Legislative Amendments: ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Related Laws
13.2 Policy Reforms to Strengthen Digital Gazette Authenticity
13.3 Technical Reforms: PKI, Blockchain, and Timestamps
13.4 Enhancing Public Access and Reducing Digital Inequality
13.5 Capacity-Building for Judiciary and Public Administrators
13.6 Roadmap for Future Research and Harmonization

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

14.1 Summary of Core Arguments
14.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Public Policy
14.3 Future Directions for Jurisprudence of Digital Governance

Chapter XV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI: Annexures (If Required)

A. Sample Electronic Gazette Formats
B. Statutory Extracts
C. Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
D. SWOC and Conflict Mapping Charts
E. Extracts from Key Judicial Decisions

2412416136

JAKIA SULTANA

“Codifying Transparency in the Digital Age: A Critical Study of ‘Electronic Gazette’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Role in Strengthening Rule of Law and Public Trust”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale for Digital Legal Transparency
1.2 Understanding Gazette as a Constitutional and Administrative Tool
1.3 Emergence of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh
1.4 Research Problem and Core Doctrinal Gaps
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Objectives of the Study
1.7 Interdisciplinary Significance: Governance, Public Access, and Rule of Law
1.8 Scope and Limitations
1.9 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology and Analytical Framework

2.1 Doctrinal and Qualitative Legal Research Method
2.2 Comparative Legal Method: South Asia, UK–US, and Digital Governance Models
2.3 Sources of Data: Primary and Secondary
2.4 Analytical Tools
 2.4.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix
 2.4.2 SWOC Grid
 2.4.3 Conflict Mapping Framework
2.5 Citation Style and Referencing (APA 7th Edition with Footnotes/Endnotes)

Chapter III: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

3.1 The Concept of Gazette in Administrative and Constitutional Law
3.2 Evolution from Print to Digital Gazette Systems
3.3 Legal Theories of Public Notice: Transparency, Legitimacy, and Accountability
3.4 Conceptual Foundations of Electronic Records and Digital Authenticity
3.5 Trust in Government Information Systems: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

Chapter IV: Statutory and Doctrinal Basis of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh

4.1 ICT Act 2006: Scope, Purpose, and Definition of “Electronic Gazette”
4.2 Evidence Act 1872 (as amended): Presumptions and Proof of Digital Government Publications
4.3 Digital Security Act 2018 and Cyber Security Act 2023: Governance, Integrity, and Data Protection
4.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance (CPO) 2025: Innovations in Digital Trust Architecture
4.5 Other Relevant Legal Instruments (RTI Act 2009, Public Records Act, National ICT Policy)
4.6 Parliamentary Debates, Commentaries, and Scholarly Doctrinal Analyses

Chapter V: Administrative and Policy Framework Governing Electronic Gazette

5.1 Institutional Structure: Ministry of Law, Justice & Parliamentary Affairs
5.2 Workflow of Digital Gazette Publication
5.3 National ICT Policy, Digital Bangladesh Vision, Smart Bangladesh Vision
5.4 Technical Components: Digital Signature, PKI, Hashing, Metadata Standards
5.5 Challenges: Archival Fragility, Cyber Risks, and Access Barriers
5.6 Alignment with International E-Governance Benchmarks (UN EGDI, OECD Standards)

Chapter VI: Judicial Interpretations of Gazette and Digital Authenticity

6.1 Bangladeshi Case Law: Print and Electronic Gazette (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR)
6.2 Indian Jurisprudence on Electronic Gazette (AIR, SCC)
6.3 Pakistani Precedents on Gazette and Public Notice (PLD, SCMR)
6.4 UK and US Cases on Digital Government Records and Evidentiary Presumptions
6.5 Doctrinal Themes: Public Notice Doctrine, Legality of Digital Evidence, Burden of Authenticity
6.6 Judicial Ambiguity in Bangladesh: Issues and Future Directions

Chapter VII: Global, Comparative, and Emerging Legal Standards

7.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws (MLEC, MLES, MLETR): Foundations for Digital Gazette
7.2 European Union Standards for Electronic Publication of Laws
7.3 US Federal Register and e-CFR Authentication Framework
7.4 India’s Gazette Framework under the IT Act 2000
7.5 Cryptographic Governance and Blockchain: Lessons from Cryptocurrency Regulatory Models
7.6 Relevance for Enhancing Bangladesh’s Electronic Gazette Governance

Chapter VIII: Evidentiary Value and Legal Validity of Electronic Gazette

8.1 Philosophical Foundations: Reliability, Integrity, and Chain of Custody
8.2 Evidentiary Status under the Evidence Act 1872
8.3 Presumptions of Authenticity and Judicial Standards
8.4 Risks: Digital Tampering, Cybersecurity Breaches, and Forged Gazettes
8.5 Comparative Evidentiary Approaches Across Jurisdictions
8.6 Harmonization Gaps between ICT Act and Evidence Act

Chapter IX: Analytical Evaluation through Structured Frameworks

9.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: How Adequate is the ICT Act for Digital Gazette Governance?
9.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
 – Legal, administrative, technological, and social indicators
9.3 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025, Evidence Act
9.4 Identifying Core Gaps and Systemic Contradictions

Chapter X: Interdisciplinary Implications for Rule of Law and Public Trust

10.1 Electronic Gazette as a Mechanism of State Transparency
10.2 Enhancing Democratic Accountability through Digital Publications
10.3 Public Access, Digital Divide, and Inclusion in Legal Notification
10.4 Sociological Dimensions: Citizen Trust in Digital Government
10.5 Economic and Administrative Impacts: Cost Reduction and Efficiency Gains
10.6 Role of Media, Civil Society, and Academia

Chapter XI: Comparative Lessons, Best Practices, and Reform Pathways

11.1 Global Best Practices for Digital Gazette Systems
11.2 Adopting Blockchain-Based Authenticity Verification
11.3 Strengthening Digital Archiving and Preservation Infrastructure
11.4 Harmonizing ICT Act with Evidence Act and Cybersecurity Laws
11.5 Institutional Coordination for Reliable Gazette Management
11.6 Roadmap for Achieving International Compliance

Chapter XII: Findings and Discussion

12.1 Summary of Doctrinal Findings
12.2 Administrative Findings from Policy Review
12.3 Technological and Cybersecurity Insights
12.4 Implications for Legal Certainty and Public Confidence
12.5 Synthesis: What the Evidence Tells Us About Rule of Law Transformation

Chapter XIII: Recommendations

13.1 Legislative Amendments to ICT Act and Evidence Act
13.2 Policy Reforms for Secure and Accessible Gazette Systems
13.3 Technical Enhancements: Digital Signature, Blockchain, PKI, Audit Logs
13.4 Capacity-Building for Public Officials and Judiciary
13.5 Public Awareness and Digital Inclusion Measures
13.6 Long-Term Strategies for Strengthening Rule of Law

Chapter XIV: Conclusion

14.1 Summary of Arguments and Contributions
14.2 Broader Implications for Bangladesh’s Digital Governance
14.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XVI: Annexures (If Required)

A. Extracts of Statutory Provisions
B. Analytical Tables (Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC, Conflict Map)
C. Sample Electronic Gazette Formats
D. Key Judicial Summaries
E. Technical Architecture Diagrams

2411016137

RUBYAT AHMED RIDUL

“Between Print Sovereignty and Digital Authority: Legal, Constitutional, and Policy Implications of Recognizing ‘Electronic Gazette’ in Bangladesh under the ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: From Print Gazette to Electronic Gazette
1.2 Problem Statement: Tension Between Traditional Notions of Sovereignty and Digital Legal Authority
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study for Rule of Law, Governance, and Public Trust
1.7 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual, Doctrinal, and Theoretical Framework

2.1 The Concept of “Gazette” in Constitutional and Administrative Law
2.2 Doctrinal Understanding of “Electronic Records” under ICT Act, 2006
2.3 “Print Sovereignty” vs. “Digital Authority”: A Theoretical Dialectic
2.4 Digital Legal Informatics and E-Governance Theory
2.5 Authenticity, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation of Electronic Government Instruments
2.6 Global Developments in Legal Digitalization (EU, USA, UK, India, Singapore)
2.7 Cryptocurrency Governance as a Parallel: Global Instruments (MiCA 2023, FATF, ISO/TC 307) and Implications for Digital State Authenticity

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Landscape of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Statutory Foundations of Electronic Documents
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Evidentiary Value of Electronic Government Notifications
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; and Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.4 Gazette Procedures under Existing Administrative and Statutory Rules
3.5 National Digital Governance and ICT Policy Documents (Digital Bangladesh Vision 2021, Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041, National ICT Policy, etc.)
3.6 Constitutional Dimensions: Article 27, 31, 35, 39, 102 and the Principle of Legal Certainty

Chapter IV: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

4.1 Judicial Recognition of Government Gazettes: Bangladesh Perspective
4.2 Key Cases on Electronic Records from Bangladesh (Using DLR, BLD, MLR, CLC, SCOB, BLT)
4.3 Regional Jurisprudence (India, Pakistan):
   • State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai (AIR, SCC)
   • Shafique Ahmed Khan v. State (PLD)
4.4 International Cases on Digital Authentication (UK, USA, EU Court of Justice)
4.5 Comparative Analysis of Evidentiary Standards for E-Gazette Globally
4.6 Judicial Trends in Digital Governance: Ensuring Trustworthiness and Non-Tampering

Chapter V: Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Analysis
5.2 Comparative Legal Method
5.3 Policy Analysis Framework
5.4 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
5.5 SWOC Grid for Evaluating Electronic Gazette Adoption
5.6 Conflict Mapping under ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, and Administrative Law
5.7 Citation and Validation Standards
5.8 Data Sources, Case Selection Criteria, and Reliability Measures

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Analysis of Electronic Gazette

6.1 Technological Architecture: Security, Hashing, and Digital Signatures
6.2 Blockchain as a Model for Gazette Authentication (Comparative Insight from Cryptocurrency Governance)
6.3 Information Systems Management and State Capacity Challenges
6.4 Sociological Dimension: Citizens’ Trust and Digital Legitimacy
6.5 Political Dimension: Transparency, Accountability, and Democratic Governance
6.6 Economic Implications: Cost, Efficiency, and Administrative Streamlining

Chapter VII: Assessing the Legal Adequacy of Electronic Gazette under Bangladesh Law

7.1 Applying the Legal Adequacy Matrix
7.2 Conformity with ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Gazette Rules
7.3 Gaps, Ambiguities, and Overlaps in Current Statutory Framework
7.4 Compatibility with Global Best Practices and International Instruments
7.5 Assessment Against Constitutional Standards of Legality and Due Process

Chapter VIII: SWOC Analysis and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Strengths of Adopting an Electronic Gazette
8.2 Weaknesses: Technical, Institutional, and Legal Vulnerabilities
8.3 Opportunities: Smart Bangladesh, AI Governance, Digital Citizenship
8.4 Challenges: Cybersecurity Risks, Manipulation, and Public Distrust
8.5 Conflict Mapping Across Legal Domains:
   • ICT Act vs. Evidence Act
   • CSA/DSA vs. Administrative Law
   • National Security vs. Transparency
   • Digital Efficiency vs. Constitutional Guarantees

Chapter IX: Policy and Comparative Lessons from Other Jurisdictions

9.1 India’s e-Gazette Model
9.2 UK and USA Approaches to Digital Legal Notification
9.3 EU Standards for Electronic Authentication (eIDAS Regulation)
9.4 Singapore Model for Secure Government Digital Records
9.5 Lessons from Global Cryptocurrency Governance for State Digital Authentication

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesizing Doctrinal, Judicial, and Interdisciplinary Findings
10.2 Constitutional Risks of Prioritizing Digital Authority Without Safeguards
10.3 Ensuring Public Trust in the Era of Digital Government Instruments
10.4 Balancing Print Sovereignty and Global Digital Transformations
10.5 The Role of Courts in Defining the Boundaries of Digital Legality

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Key Doctrinal Findings
11.2 Critical Assessment of Statutory and Constitutional Adequacy
11.3 Empirical and Interdisciplinary Insights
11.4 Identified Gaps in Regulation, Governance, and Judicial Interpretation

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Proposed Amendments to ICT Act and Evidence Act
12.2 Creating an “Official Digital Authentication Framework”
12.3 Mandatory Blockchain-Based Gazette Verification
12.4 Institutional Reforms for E-Governance Infrastructure
12.5 Guidelines for Judicial Use and Acceptance of Electronic Gazette
12.6 Safeguarding Transparency, Legitimacy, and Public Trust
12.7 Roadmap for 2030: Integrating AI, Machine Learning, and Digital Governance Tools

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Research Contributions
13.2 Implications for Rule of Law and Good Governance
13.3 Final Reflection: The Future of Digital Authority in Bangladesh

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Charts and Conflict Maps
• Annexure C: Extracts from Statutes (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, CPO)
• Annexure D: Comparative Charts from Global Digital Gazette Frameworks
• Annexure E: Summaries of Key Judicial Decisions

2410516138

TANVIR AHMED APU

“The Digital Gazette as a Tool of Governance: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Authenticity, Accessibility, and Institutional Reform under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution from Print Gazette to Digital Gazette in Public Governance
1.2 Policy Context: Digital Bangladesh Vision 2021 and Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041
1.3 Problem Statement: Authenticity, Accessibility, and Institutional Capacity Challenges
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope, Delimitations, and Rationale
1.7 Significance for Rule of Law, Public Trust, and Administrative Transparency
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual, Doctrinal, and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining “Digital Gazette”: Concepts, Terminology, and Legal Evolution
2.2 Theoretical Frameworks:
   • Digital Governance Theory
   • Information Authenticity and Trust Models
   • Public Administration and Institutional Theory
2.3 Doctrinal Understanding of “Electronic Record” under ICT Act, 2006
2.4 Digital State Authority: Authenticity, Integrity, Non-Repudiation
2.5 Global Developments in Digital Notification Systems (EU, UK, USA, India, Singapore)
2.6 Cryptocurrency Governance Instruments (MiCA 2023, FATF standards, ISO/TC 307) as Parallel Models for Digital Authenticity and Trust
2.7 Accessibility as a Constitutional and Administrative Imperative

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework Governing Digital Gazette in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Enabling Provisions on Electronic Records and Digital Publications
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Evidentiary Standards for Digital Government Instruments
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
3.4 Government Rules of Business and Gazetteing Procedures
3.5 National ICT Policies, e-Governance Frameworks, and Digital Government Regulations
3.6 Constitutional Dimensions: Articles 27, 31, 39, 65, 102—Legality, Equality, and Due Process
3.7 Interplay Between Statutory and Executive Authority in Publishing Digital Gazette

Chapter IV: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

4.1 Judicial Standards for Government Gazette Authenticity in Bangladesh
4.2 Leading Bangladeshi Case Law (DLR, BLD, MLR, BLT, CLC, SCOB):
   • Legality of Notifications
   • Validity of Electronic Public Documents
   • Digital Evidence Cases
4.3 Comparative South Asian Jurisprudence (India—AIR, SCC; Pakistan—PLD; Sri Lanka)
4.4 Global Cases on Digital Public Records (UK, USA, EU Court of Justice)
4.5 Trends in Judicial Approaches to Technology-Mediated Governance
4.6 Implications of Case Law for Bangladesh’s Digital Gazette Reform

Chapter V: Methodology

5.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
5.2 Comparative Legal Analysis
5.3 Policy Analysis Approach
5.4 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
5.5 SWOC Analysis Framework
5.6 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, CPO, and Administrative Law
5.7 Data Selection, Case Sampling, and Validation Standards
5.8 APA 7th Edition Citation and Source Verification Protocols

Chapter VI: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Digital Gazette

6.1 Technological Infrastructure: Encryption, Hashing, Digital Signatures, Blockchain
6.2 Information Systems Management: Reliability, Accessibility, Archivability
6.3 Governance and Public Administration: Bureaucratic Readiness and Institutional Reform
6.4 Sociological Perspectives: Citizen Trust, Digital Inclusion, and Literacy
6.5 Economic Analysis: Efficiency, Cost Minimization, and Administrative Productivity
6.6 Political Science Perspective: Transparency, Accountability, and Democratic Governance
6.7 Lessons from Cryptocurrency Governance for Ensuring Digital Authenticity

Chapter VII: Evaluating the Digital Gazette through Legal Adequacy Matrix

7.1 Structure of the Legal Adequacy Matrix
7.2 Conformity with ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Administrative Rules
7.3 Evaluation Against Global Norms and International Instruments
7.4 Gaps in Procedural Integrity, Authentication, and Long-Term Preservation
7.5 Assessment of Constitutional Compliance and Rule-of-Law Standards
7.6 Findings from Adequacy Scoring and Interpretive Analysis

Chapter VIII: SWOC Grid Analysis and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Strengths: Accessibility, Efficiency, Transparency
8.2 Weaknesses: Cyber Risks, Capacity Shortfalls, Legal Ambiguities
8.3 Opportunities: Smart Bangladesh, AI Integration, Blockchain Authentication
8.4 Challenges: Digital Divide, Security Threats, Institutional Resistance
8.5 Conflict Mapping:
   • ICT Act vs. Evidence Act
   • CSA/DSA vs. Administrative Fairness
   • National Security vs. Public Access
   • Technology vs. Constitutional Guarantees
8.6 Resolving Conflicts through Harmonization and Policy Reform

Chapter IX: Comparative and Policy Insights from Other Jurisdictions

9.1 India’s e-Gazette Framework
9.2 UK and USA Models of Digital Notification and Legal Authenticity
9.3 EU eIDAS Regulation and Standards for Trusted Digital Communication
9.4 Singapore’s Electronic Government Infrastructure
9.5 Comparative Lessons for Bangladesh: Legal, Administrative, and Technological

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Interpreting Doctrinal, Empirical, and Interdisciplinary Insights
10.2 Enhancing Authenticity, Accessibility, and Institutional Trust
10.3 Balancing Digital Innovation with Constitutional Restraints
10.4 Digital Gazette as a Governance Tool: Strengths and Limitations
10.5 Future Trajectories of State Digitalization and its Rule-of-Law Implications

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Summary of Doctrinal Findings
11.2 Institutional and Administrative Findings
11.3 Technological and Accessibility-Related Insights
11.4 Identified Legal Conflicts, Ambiguities, and Reform Imperatives

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Reforms to ICT Act and Evidence Act
12.2 Standardized Digital Authentication Protocol (Blockchain/PKI)
12.3 Institutional Capacity-Building for Digital Gazette Operations
12.4 Enhancing Public Accessibility and Digital Inclusiveness
12.5 Judicial Guidelines for Using Digital Gazette as Evidence
12.6 National Digital Gazette Policy Framework
12.7 Roadmap to 2030: AI, Data Governance, and Secure Digital Archiving

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Consolidated Contribution of the Study
13.2 Implications for Governance, Law, and Public Trust
13.3 Final Reflections on the Future of Digital State Instruments

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrices
• Annexure B: SWOC Grid and Conflict Maps
• Annexure C: Extracted Statutory Provisions (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, CPO)
• Annexure D: Comparative Charts of Global Digital Gazette Systems
• Annexure E: Summaries of Referenced Cases

2412116139

MOST. TANIA

“From Colonial Gazette to Cyber Gazette: Tracing the Historical Evolution and Contemporary Legal Recognition of Official Government Publications in Bangladesh under the ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Historical Context: From Colonial Gazette to Independent Bangladesh
1.2 Emergence of the Digital Government Publication Era
1.3 Problem Statement: Legal Recognition, Authenticity, and Accessibility Challenges
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Significance for Governance, Rule of Law, and Public Trust
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology

2.1 Doctrinal Legal Research
2.2 Historical and Archival Analysis
2.3 Comparative Legal Method
2.4 Policy Analysis Framework
2.5 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
2.6 SWOC Analysis
2.7 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, and Administrative Law
2.8 Data Sources, Case Selection, and Validation Protocols
2.9 Citation Standards (APA 7th Edition with Footnotes/Endnotes)

Chapter III: Historical Evolution of the Gazette in Bangladesh

3.1 Colonial Origins: The Bengal Gazette and British Administration
3.2 Transition During Partition and Pakistan Period
3.3 Post-Independence Gazette System: Legal and Administrative Continuities
3.4 Print Sovereignty vs. Digital Aspirations
3.5 Global Historical Comparisons: UK, India, and US Federal Register

Chapter IV: Conceptual and Doctrinal Framework

4.1 Defining “Official Gazette” and “Electronic Gazette”
4.2 Doctrinal Interpretation under ICT Act, 2006
4.3 Digital Authority and Authenticity in Public Law
4.4 Legal Theories of Public Notice and Transparency
4.5 Institutional Perspectives on Administrative Communication
4.6 Interdisciplinary Insights: Sociology, Technology, and Political Science
4.7 Global Standards in Digital Publication and Cryptocurrency Governance Analogies

Chapter V: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

5.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Electronic Records and Gazette Publication
5.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Presumption and Evidentiary Value of Digital Government Publications
5.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
5.4 Other Relevant Legal Instruments: RTI Act, National ICT Policy, Administrative Rules
5.5 Constitutional Context: Articles 27, 31, 39, 65, 102 and Legal Certainty
5.6 Policy Framework: Digital Bangladesh, e-Governance Initiatives, and Institutional Reform

Chapter VI: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law

6.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, BLT, SCOB)
6.2 Regional Jurisprudence: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
6.3 Comparative International Cases: UK, USA, EU Court of Justice
6.4 Judicial Standards for Electronic Gazette Authenticity and Legal Recognition
6.5 Trends in Interpretation: Evidentiary Acceptance and Public Notice
6.6 Analysis of Doctrinal Ambiguities and Judicial Gaps

Chapter VII: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

7.1 Technological Framework: Digital Signatures, PKI, Hashing, and Blockchain
7.2 Institutional Capacity and Administrative Readiness
7.3 Citizen Trust, Accessibility, and Digital Literacy
7.4 Economic, Political, and Social Implications of Electronic Gazette
7.5 Lessons from Global Digital Governance Models
7.6 Cryptography and Cryptocurrency Governance Insights for Digital Authenticity

Chapter VIII: Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessment of ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Administrative Rules
8.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges of Digital Gazette Adoption
8.3 Conflict Mapping:
   • ICT Act vs Evidence Act
   • DSA/CSA vs Administrative Law
   • National Security vs Public Access
   • Technological Innovation vs Constitutional Guarantees
8.4 Identification of Gaps and Policy Misalignments

Chapter IX: Comparative Lessons and Policy Recommendations

9.1 India’s e-Gazette Framework
9.2 UK and US Federal Register Digital Models
9.3 EU Standards: eIDAS Regulation
9.4 Singapore and Global Best Practices for Secure Government Publications
9.5 Policy Recommendations for Bangladesh: Legal, Technological, and Institutional
9.6 Roadmap for Enhancing Authenticity, Accessibility, and Trust

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesizing Historical, Legal, and Interdisciplinary Insights
10.2 Balancing Print Sovereignty and Digital Authority
10.3 Implications for Governance, Rule of Law, and Public Trust
10.4 Integrating Technology, Law, and Policy for Robust Digital Gazette
10.5 Future Trajectories of Digital Government Publications

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Doctrinal and Legal Findings
11.2 Historical and Institutional Findings
11.3 Technological and Accessibility Insights
11.4 Identified Gaps and Reform Imperatives

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Research Contributions
12.2 Broader Implications for Governance and Legal Recognition
12.3 Final Reflections and Future Research Directions

Chapter XIII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Extracts of Statutory Provisions (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, CPO)
• Annexure B: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure C: SWOC Grid and Conflict Maps
• Annexure D: Key Judicial Summaries
• Annexure E: Historical Gazette Samples and Comparative Charts

2412216140

AYESHA SIDDIKA HUMAYRA

“Electronic Gazette and the Architecture of Digital Governance: Comparative Insights from Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and International Models of Digital Statecraft”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Transition from Print to Digital Governance in Bangladesh
1.2 The Rise of the Electronic Gazette as a Governance Tool
1.3 Problem Statement: Authenticity, Accessibility, and Institutional Challenges
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Significance for Rule of Law, Transparency, and Administrative Reform
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology

2.1 Doctrinal Legal Analysis
2.2 Comparative Legal Method
2.3 Policy and Interdisciplinary Analysis
2.4 Historical-Legal Analysis of Gazette Development
2.5 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
2.6 SWOC Analysis Framework
2.7 Conflict Mapping Across ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA/CSA, and CPO
2.8 Data Sources, Case Selection, and Validation Protocols
2.9 Citation and Source Standards (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter III: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

3.1 Defining the Electronic Gazette and Digital Government Publications
3.2 Doctrinal Foundations under ICT Act, 2006
3.3 Legal Theories of Public Notice, Transparency, and Digital Authenticity
3.4 Digital State Authority: Governance, Accountability, and Institutional Legitimacy
3.5 Interdisciplinary Insights: Technology, Administration, and Public Policy
3.6 Global Perspectives: Digital Statecraft and Cryptocurrency Governance Analogies
3.7 Conceptual Challenges: Sovereignty, Access, and Digital Rights

Chapter IV: Historical and Legal Evolution of Government Gazettes in Bangladesh

4.1 Colonial Gazette and Print Sovereignty
4.2 Transition During Partition and Pakistan Period
4.3 Post-Independence Legal Recognition of Gazette
4.4 Introduction of Electronic Gazette under ICT Act, 2006
4.5 Global Historical Comparisons: UK, USA, India
4.6 Lessons from Evolution for Contemporary Digital Governance

Chapter V: Statutory and Regulatory Framework

5.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Governing Electronic Records and Gazette
5.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Presumptions and Evidentiary Value
5.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
5.4 Administrative Rules and Gazette Publication Procedures
5.5 National ICT Policies, e-Governance Strategies, and Institutional Frameworks
5.6 Constitutional Dimensions: Articles 27, 31, 39, 65, 102
5.7 International Instruments and Comparative Legal Standards

Chapter VI: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

6.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, BLT, SCOB)
6.2 Regional South Asian Cases: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
6.3 Global Cases on Digital Public Records: UK, USA, EU
6.4 Evidentiary Acceptance and Legal Validity of Electronic Gazette
6.5 Comparative Judicial Approaches to Digital Authenticity
6.6 Analysis of Doctrinal Ambiguities and Trends

Chapter VII: Comparative Perspectives on Electronic Gazette

7.1 India: e-Gazette and Legal Recognition Framework
7.2 UK and USA: Federal Registers and Digital Legal Notifications
7.3 EU: eIDAS Regulation and Standards for Trusted Digital Publications
7.4 Singapore: Secure Digital Government Publications
7.5 Lessons from Global Digital Governance for Bangladesh
7.6 Cryptocurrency Governance and Blockchain Analogies for Digital Authentication

Chapter VIII: Interdisciplinary Analysis

8.1 Technological Architecture: Encryption, Hashing, Digital Signatures
8.2 Institutional Capacity and Bureaucratic Readiness
8.3 Citizen Trust, Accessibility, and Digital Literacy
8.4 Political, Economic, and Social Implications
8.5 Balancing Innovation with Legal and Constitutional Safeguards

Chapter IX: Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

9.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Administrative Rules
9.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
9.3 Conflict Mapping:
   • ICT Act vs Evidence Act
   • DSA/CSA vs Administrative Law
   • Technology vs Constitutional Guarantees
   • National Security vs Public Access
9.4 Identifying Legal, Institutional, and Technological Gaps

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Integrating Doctrinal, Judicial, and Comparative Findings
10.2 Implications for Digital Governance, Transparency, and Public Trust
10.3 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Reforms for Effective Electronic Gazette
10.4 Future Trajectories of Digital Statecraft in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Doctrinal and Legal Insights
11.2 Institutional and Governance Findings
11.3 Technological and Accessibility-Related Findings
11.4 Identified Gaps and Reform Imperatives

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Amendments and Policy Reforms
12.2 Standardized Digital Authentication and Blockchain Integration
12.3 Institutional Capacity-Building and E-Governance Implementation
12.4 Enhancing Accessibility, Inclusion, and Citizen Trust
12.5 Judicial Guidelines for Acceptance of Electronic Gazette
12.6 Roadmap for Future Digital Governance Architecture

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Research Contributions
13.2 Implications for Rule of Law, Digital Governance, and Public Administration
13.3 Final Reflections and Future Research Directions

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Grid and Conflict Maps
• Annexure C: Extracted Statutory Provisions (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, CPO)
• Annexure D: Key Judicial Summaries
• Annexure E: Comparative Charts of Global Digital Gazette Systems

2410716141

MD. FOYSAL

“Official Publications in the Age of Algorithms: An Interdisciplinary Appraisal of the Legal Concept of ‘Electronic Gazette’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Open Data and Public Administration”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Transformation of Government Publications
1.2 The Emergence of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh
1.3 Problem Statement: Legal Recognition, Authenticity, and Accessibility Challenges
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Significance for Open Data, Public Administration, and Rule of Law
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology

2.1 Doctrinal Legal Research Approach
2.2 Comparative and Historical Legal Analysis
2.3 Policy and Interdisciplinary Analysis
2.4 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
2.5 SWOC Analysis and Conflict Mapping
2.6 Data Sources, Case Selection, and Validation Protocols
2.7 Citation Standards and APA 7th Edition Guidelines

Chapter III: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

3.1 Defining ‘Official Publications’ and ‘Electronic Gazette’
3.2 Doctrinal Interpretation under ICT Act, 2006
3.3 Legal Principles of Public Notice, Transparency, and Digital Authenticity
3.4 Algorithmic Governance, Data Governance, and Public Administration
3.5 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Technology, Law, Policy, and Society
3.6 Global Digital Governance Models and Cryptocurrency Governance Analogies

Chapter IV: Historical Evolution of Official Publications in Bangladesh

4.1 Colonial Gazette and Administrative Communication
4.2 Transition During Pakistan Period
4.3 Post-Independence Gazette System and Print Sovereignty
4.4 Digitization of Gazette: From Print to Electronic Form
4.5 Comparative Perspectives: India, UK, USA, and EU
4.6 Lessons from Historical Evolution for Modern Governance

Chapter V: Statutory and Regulatory Framework

5.1 ICT Act, 2006: Sections Governing Electronic Gazette and Digital Records
5.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Presumptions and Evidentiary Value
5.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
5.4 Administrative Procedures, RTI, and National ICT Policies
5.5 Constitutional Dimensions: Articles 27, 31, 39, 65, 102
5.6 International Instruments and Best Practices in Digital Statecraft

Chapter VI: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

6.1 Key Bangladeshi Decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, BLT, SCOB)
6.2 Regional Jurisprudence: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
6.3 International Cases: UK, USA, EU
6.4 Judicial Standards for Authenticity and Evidentiary Recognition
6.5 Comparative Doctrinal Approaches and Emerging Trends
6.6 Analysis of Judicial Gaps and Challenges

Chapter VII: Interdisciplinary and Technological Insights

7.1 Algorithmic Governance and Digital Publication Systems
7.2 Encryption, Digital Signatures, Blockchain, and Data Authenticity
7.3 Institutional Capacity for Electronic Gazette Management
7.4 Accessibility, Digital Literacy, and Citizen Trust
7.5 Policy, Societal, and Economic Implications
7.6 Lessons from Global Digital Governance Frameworks

Chapter VIII: Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and Administrative Rules
8.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
8.3 Conflict Mapping:
   • ICT Act vs Evidence Act
   • Digital Security Legislation vs Administrative Law
   • Algorithmic Governance vs Constitutional Safeguards
   • National Security vs Open Data and Public Access
8.4 Identification of Legal, Institutional, and Technological Gaps

Chapter IX: Comparative Perspectives

9.1 India: e-Gazette and Legal Recognition
9.2 UK and USA: Federal Registers and Digital Government Publications
9.3 EU eIDAS Regulation: Trusted Digital Publication Standards
9.4 Singapore and Other International Models
9.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Policy, Legal, and Technological Insights

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesizing Doctrinal, Judicial, and Comparative Findings
10.2 Algorithmic Governance and the Legal Recognition of Digital Gazette
10.3 Implications for Open Data, Transparency, and Public Administration
10.4 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Reform Recommendations

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Doctrinal and Legal Findings
11.2 Historical and Institutional Findings
11.3 Technological and Accessibility Findings
11.4 Identified Gaps and Reform Imperatives

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative Amendments and Policy Reforms
12.2 Standardization of Digital Authentication (Blockchain, PKI, Digital Signatures)
12.3 Institutional Capacity-Building and E-Governance Implementation
12.4 Enhancing Citizen Access, Transparency, and Trust
12.5 Judicial Guidelines for Acceptance of Electronic Gazette
12.6 Roadmap for Open Data and Algorithmic Governance in Public Administration

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Research Contributions
13.2 Implications for Governance, Rule of Law, and Public Administration
13.3 Final Reflections and Directions for Future Research

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix Tables
• Annexure B: SWOC Grid and Conflict Maps
• Annexure C: Extracted Statutory Provisions (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, CPO)
• Annexure D: Key Judicial Summaries
• Annexure E: Comparative Charts of Global Electronic Gazette Systems

2410216142

TANZIM AHMED

“Towards a Paperless State: Reforming the Framework for ‘Electronic Gazette’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh to Ensure Legal Certainty, Cybersecurity, and Public Accessibility”

Table of Contents

Abstract

Keywords

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Transformation of Government Publications
1.2 Emergence of Electronic Gazette in Bangladesh
1.3 Problem Statement: Legal Certainty, Cybersecurity, and Public Access Challenges
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Significance for Rule of Law, Open Data, and E-Governance
1.8 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Methodology

2.1 Doctrinal Legal Analysis
2.2 Comparative Legal Method
2.3 Policy and Interdisciplinary Analysis
2.4 Historical-Legal Analysis of Gazette Evolution
2.5 Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix
2.6 SWOC Analysis and Conflict Mapping
2.7 Data Sources, Case Selection, and Validation Protocols
2.8 Citation Standards (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter III: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

3.1 Defining ‘Electronic Gazette’ and Official Publications
3.2 Doctrinal Interpretation under ICT Act, 2006
3.3 Legal Principles: Public Notice, Transparency, Digital Authenticity
3.4 Cybersecurity, Data Integrity, and Algorithmic Governance
3.5 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Public Administration
3.6 Global Comparative Insights: Digital Statecraft and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter IV: Historical Evolution of Official Publications in Bangladesh

4.1 Colonial Gazette and Print Sovereignty
4.2 Transition during Pakistan Period
4.3 Post-Independence Gazette System
4.4 Digitization of Gazette: ICT Act, 2006
4.5 Comparative Global Practices: India, UK, USA, EU
4.6 Lessons for Modern Governance

Chapter V: Statutory and Regulatory Framework

5.1 ICT Act, 2006: Electronic Records and Gazette Provisions
5.2 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended): Presumptions and Evidentiary Value
5.3 Digital Security Act, 2018; Cyber Security Act, 2023; Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
5.4 Administrative Rules and National ICT Policies
5.5 Constitutional Context: Articles 27, 31, 39, 65, 102
5.6 International Legal Instruments and Best Practices

Chapter VI: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

6.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, BLT, SCOB)
6.2 Regional Jurisprudence: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
6.3 International Cases: UK, USA, EU
6.4 Evidentiary Standards and Digital Gazette Recognition
6.5 Comparative Judicial Approaches and Emerging Trends
6.6 Doctrinal Ambiguities and Gaps

Chapter VII: Interdisciplinary and Technological Perspectives

7.1 Algorithmic Governance and Digital Publication Systems
7.2 Encryption, Digital Signatures, Blockchain, and Data Authenticity
7.3 Institutional Capacity for Electronic Gazette Management
7.4 Accessibility, Digital Literacy, and Citizen Trust
7.5 Policy, Economic, and Social Implications
7.6 Lessons from Global Digital Governance Models

Chapter VIII: Legal Adequacy, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping

8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, and Administrative Rules
8.2 SWOC Grid: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
8.3 Conflict Mapping:
   • ICT Act vs Evidence Act
   • Digital Security Legislation vs Administrative Law
   • Cybersecurity vs Public Access and Transparency
   • National Security vs Open Data Obligations
8.4 Identifying Legal, Institutional, and Technological Gaps

Chapter IX: Comparative Perspectives

9.1 India: e-Gazette Legal Framework
9.2 UK and USA: Federal Registers and Digital Legal Publications
9.3 EU eIDAS Regulation and Standards for Digital Authenticity
9.4 Singapore and Other International Models
9.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Legal, Technological, and Policy Insights

Chapter X: Discussion

10.1 Synthesizing Doctrinal, Judicial, and Comparative Findings
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, Legal Certainty, and Public Accessibility
10.3 Policy, Institutional, and Technological Reform Directions
10.4 Prospects for a Paperless State in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: Findings

11.1 Doctrinal and Legal Findings
11.2 Institutional and Historical Findings
11.3 Technological and Accessibility Findings
11.4 Identified Gaps and Reform Imperatives

Chapter XII: Recommendations

12.1 Legislative and Policy Reforms
12.2 Digital Authentication Standards: Blockchain, PKI, Digital Signatures
12.3 Institutional Capacity-Building and E-Governance Implementation
12.4 Enhancing Citizen Access, Transparency, and Trust
12.5 Judicial Guidelines for Recognition of Electronic Gazette
12.6 Roadmap for Paperless Governance and Open Data

Chapter XIII: Conclusion

13.1 Summary of Research Contributions
13.2 Implications for Governance, Rule of Law, and Digital Administration
13.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XIV: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

Chapter XV: Annexures (If Required)

• Annexure A: Legal Adequacy Matrix
• Annexure B: SWOC Grid and Conflict Maps
• Annexure C: Extracted Statutory Provisions (ICT Act, Evidence Act, DSA, CSA, CPO)
• Annexure D: Key Judicial Summaries
• Annexure E: Comparative Global Digital Gazette Models

2410916143

MD. SHAHRIA NAFIZ SHAWON

“Legal Recognition of Electronic Records in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis of the ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Digital Evidence, Governance, and E-Commerce”

Table of Contents

Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Background and Context of Digital Records in Bangladesh
1.2 Rationale and Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology

• Doctrinal Research Approach
• Comparative Legal Analysis
• Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC Analysis
  1.7 Structure of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Defining Electronic Records and Digital Evidence
2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Legal Recognition of Electronic Records

• Technological Determinism and Law
• Cyber-Legal Theories
  2.3 Comparative Legal Perspectives
• USA, UK, EU, India, Pakistan
• Global Standards for E-Records and E-Commerce
  2.4 Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Governance: Global Legal Instruments

Chapter III: Historical and Legislative Evolution in Bangladesh
3.1 Historical Development of Digital Law in Bangladesh
3.2 The ICT Act, 2006: Objectives, Key Provisions, and Legislative Intent
3.3 Relevant Supplementary Laws

• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybersecurity Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
  3.4 National Policies and Strategic Frameworks
• Bangladesh National ICT Policy
• E-Governance Initiatives
• Digital Commerce Guidelines

Chapter IV: Legal Recognition of Electronic Records under the ICT Act, 2006
4.1 Key Provisions Governing Electronic Records

• Sections on Authentication, Integrity, and Admissibility
  4.2 Doctrinal Analysis: Strengths and Limitations
  4.3 Judicial Interpretations
• Landmark Bangladesh Cases (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD)
• Comparative Case Analysis: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  4.4 Electronic Records in Administrative Governance and Public Sector
  4.5 Challenges of Proof, Validity, and Authentication

Chapter V: Electronic Records in Digital Evidence and E-Commerce
5.1 Evidentiary Value of Electronic Records
5.2 Legal Procedures for Admissibility in Courts
5.3 Electronic Contracts, Signatures, and Transactions
5.4 SWOC Analysis of Digital Evidence Framework in Bangladesh
5.5 Case Studies: E-Commerce Disputes and Judicial Outcomes

Chapter VI: Conflict Mapping and Interdisciplinary Insights
6.1 Legal Conflicts between ICT Act, 2006, and Other Laws

• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybersecurity Act, 2023
• Evidence Act, 1872
  6.2 Conflict Mapping under National and International Legal Regimes
  6.3 Interdisciplinary Implications: Technology, Governance, and Policy

Chapter VII: Comparative Analysis and Global Best Practices
7.1 International Standards for Electronic Records

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU E-Signature Regulation
• U.S. E-Sign Act
  7.2 Lessons for Bangladesh: Adoption, Adaptation, and Policy Alignment
  7.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Electronic Records

Chapter VIII: Critical Discussion and Analysis
8.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for ICT Act, 2006
8.2 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges (SWOC Grid)
8.3 Key Judicial Gaps and Policy Recommendations
8.4 Implications for Governance, Judiciary, and E-Commerce

Chapter IX: Findings
9.1 Summary of Key Legal and Doctrinal Insights
9.2 Evidence-Based Analysis of Judicial Trends
9.3 Practical Implications for Courts, Regulators, and Practitioners

Chapter X: Recommendations
10.1 Legislative Reforms and Policy Recommendations
10.2 Institutional and Administrative Measures
10.3 Enhancing Admissibility and Credibility of Electronic Records
10.4 Recommendations for E-Commerce and Digital Governance Frameworks

Chapter XI: Conclusion
11.1 Recapitulation of Major Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Practice
11.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, Legal Commentaries
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC)
• Statutes and Policy Documents
• Reports and Institutional Publications

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Key Statutory Provisions
• Comparative Tables and Matrices
• Case Summaries
• National Policy Excerpts

2410316144

ASIF TALUKDAR

“From Paper to Pixel: Jurisprudential, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of ‘Electronic Record’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Background: Transition from Paper to Digital Records in Bangladesh
1.2 Rationale and Significance of Studying Electronic Records
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology

• Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Research
• Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping
• Case Law Analysis and Policy Review
  1.7 Structure of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Defining ‘Electronic Record’: Legal and Technological Perspectives
2.2 Theoretical Underpinnings of Electronic Records

• Jurisprudential Theories of Evidence
• Cyber-Legal and Technology Governance Perspectives
  2.3 Comparative Conceptual Approaches
• United States, United Kingdom, European Union
• South Asian Jurisdictions: India and Pakistan
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency and Digital Governance

Chapter III: Historical and Legislative Evolution in Bangladesh
3.1 Historical Context of Electronic Record Recognition
3.2 Legislative Journey of the ICT Act, 2006

• Objectives and Key Provisions
• Authentication, Integrity, and Admissibility of Records
  3.3 Supplementary Legal Instruments
• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybersecurity Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
  3.4 National Policies and Strategic Frameworks
• Bangladesh ICT Policy and E-Governance Initiatives
• Digital Commerce and Data Governance Policies

Chapter IV: Jurisprudential Dimensions of Electronic Records
4.1 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value under Bangladeshi Law
4.2 Judicial Interpretations of Electronic Records

• Key Cases: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC
• Comparative Judicial Insights: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  4.3 Challenges in Proof, Authentication, and Integrity
  4.4 Legal Doctrines and Interpretative Approaches

Chapter V: Technological Dimensions of Electronic Records
5.1 Digital Signature, Encryption, and Authentication Technologies
5.2 Security, Reliability, and Forensic Aspects
5.3 Technology-Policy Interface in Bangladesh
5.4 Case Studies: Technological Failures and Legal Outcomes

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and E-Commerce Implications
6.1 Electronic Records in Digital Governance
6.2 Legal Adequacy Matrix and Policy Assessment
6.3 SWOC Analysis: Opportunities and Challenges in E-Governance
6.4 Electronic Records in E-Commerce and Contract Law
6.5 Conflict Mapping under ICT Act, DSA, CSA, and Evidence Act

Chapter VII: Comparative and International Perspectives
7.1 International Legal Standards

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU E-Signature Regulation
• U.S. E-Sign Act and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
  7.2 Global Best Practices for Electronic Records
  7.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Asset Regulation
  7.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Policy and Legislative Reform

Chapter VIII: Critical Discussion and Analysis
8.1 Integrating Jurisprudential, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
8.2 Analysis Using Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC Grid
8.3 Identifying Gaps in Judicial and Legislative Frameworks
8.4 Implications for Digital Evidence, Governance, and Commerce

Chapter IX: Findings
9.1 Summary of Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Insights
9.2 Evidence-Based Analysis of Judicial Trends
9.3 Practical Implications for Courts, Regulators, and Practitioners

Chapter X: Recommendations
10.1 Legislative Reforms and Policy Measures
10.2 Institutional and Administrative Recommendations
10.3 Enhancing Admissibility, Credibility, and Security of Electronic Records
10.4 Recommendations for E-Governance and Digital Commerce

Chapter XI: Conclusion
11.1 Recapitulation of Major Findings
11.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship and Practice
11.3 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, Legal Commentaries
• Case Law Citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC)
• Statutes and Policy Documents
• Reports and Institutional Publications

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Key Statutory Provisions and Extracts
• Comparative Tables and Matrices
• Case Summaries and Judicial Precedents
• National Policy Documents

This TOC ensures:

• Interdisciplinary scope: jurisprudential, technological, and policy dimensions
• Scholarly depth: supported by case law, statutes, academic commentary, and policy documents
• Analytical rigor: SWOC, Legal Adequacy Matrix, and Conflict Mapping integration
• Comparative relevance: global standards and cryptocurrency governance

2412416145

MARZIA AKTER MOMO

“Securing Digital Evidence: Evaluating the Legal Status and Admissibility of Electronic Records under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Background: Rise of Digital Evidence in Bangladesh
1.2 Rationale and Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology

• Doctrinal Legal Research
• Comparative Legal Analysis
• Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping
• Case Law Analysis and Policy Review
  1.7 Structure of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Defining Electronic Records and Digital Evidence
2.2 Theoretical Perspectives

• Jurisprudential Approaches to Digital Evidence
• Technological Determinism and Law
• Cyber-Legal and Governance Frameworks
  2.3 Comparative Legal Approaches
• United States, United Kingdom, European Union
• South Asia: India and Pakistan
  2.4 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency and Digital Governance

Chapter III: Legislative and Policy Landscape in Bangladesh
3.1 Evolution of Digital Law in Bangladesh
3.2 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Electronic Records

• Authentication, Integrity, and Admissibility
  3.3 Complementary Statutory Instruments
• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybersecurity Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
  3.4 National Policies and Strategic Frameworks
• ICT Policy
• E-Governance and Digital Commerce Policies
• Data Protection and Cybersecurity Guidelines

Chapter IV: Jurisprudential Analysis of Electronic Records
4.1 Admissibility of Electronic Records under Bangladesh Law
4.2 Judicial Interpretations

• Landmark Cases: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC
• Comparative Case Studies: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  4.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses
  4.4 Challenges in Proof, Authentication, and Integrity

Chapter V: Technological Dimensions and Digital Forensics
5.1 Digital Signatures, Encryption, and Authentication Mechanisms
5.2 Security, Reliability, and Forensic Practices
5.3 Integration of Technology with Legal Frameworks
5.4 Case Studies of Technological Failures and Legal Outcomes

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and E-Commerce Implications
6.1 Role of Electronic Records in Digital Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Digital Evidence Framework
6.3 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessing ICT Act and Related Laws
6.4 Electronic Records in E-Commerce and Contractual Transactions
6.5 Conflict Mapping across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act

Chapter VII: Comparative and International Perspectives
7.1 International Legal Standards

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU E-Signature Regulation
• U.S. E-Sign Act and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
  7.2 Global Best Practices for Electronic Records and Digital Evidence
  7.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Electronic Records
  7.4 Lessons and Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Critical Discussion and Analysis
8.1 Integrating Jurisprudential, Technological, and Policy Insights
8.2 Analysis Using Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC Grid
8.3 Identifying Gaps in Judicial and Legislative Frameworks
8.4 Implications for Courts, Regulators, and E-Commerce Stakeholders

Chapter IX: Findings
9.1 Summary of Key Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Insights
9.2 Evidence-Based Analysis of Judicial Trends
9.3 Practical Implications for Legal and Regulatory Practice

Chapter X: Recommendations
10.1 Legislative and Policy Reforms
10.2 Institutional and Administrative Recommendations
10.3 Strengthening Admissibility and Security of Electronic Records
10.4 Recommendations for Digital Governance and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Conclusion
11.1 Recapitulation of Major Findings
11.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship and Practice
11.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, and Legal Commentaries
• Case Law Citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC
• Statutory Instruments and National Policies
• Reports, Institutional Publications, and Global Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Key Statutory Provisions and Extracts
• Comparative Tables and Legal Matrices
• Summaries of Landmark Cases
• Excerpts from National Policies

This TOC ensures:

• Depth and rigor: scholarly commentary, case law, and statutory provisions
• Interdisciplinary scope: jurisprudential, technological, and policy dimensions
• Analytical frameworks: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC, and Conflict Mapping
• Comparative insights: domestic and international perspectives, including cryptocurrency governance

2412516146

HAPPY AKTER

“The Intersection of Law and Technology: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Electronic Records under Section 7 of the ICT Act, 2006 and their Role in Cybersecurity and Digital Transactions”

Table of Contents

Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Background: The Convergence of Law, Technology, and Digital Transactions
1.2 Significance of Electronic Records under Section 7 of the ICT Act, 2006
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology

• Doctrinal Legal Research
• Comparative Legal Analysis
• Conflict Mapping, SWOC Grid, and Legal Adequacy Matrix
• Case Law and Policy Review
  1.7 Structure of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Defining ‘Electronic Records’ in Law and Technology
2.2 Theoretical Foundations

• Jurisprudential Approaches to Digital Evidence
• Cyber-Legal and Technology Governance Perspectives
  2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Law and Technology
  2.4 Comparative Approaches: Global Practices and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Legislative and Policy Landscape in Bangladesh
3.1 Evolution of Cyber Law and Electronic Records
3.2 Section 7 of the ICT Act, 2006: Objectives and Key Provisions

• Recognition, Authenticity, and Admissibility of Electronic Records
  3.3 Complementary Legal Frameworks
• Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybersecurity Act, 2023
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
• Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended)
  3.4 National Policies and Strategic Frameworks
• ICT Policy, E-Governance, and Digital Commerce Guidelines

Chapter IV: Jurisprudential Analysis of Electronic Records
4.1 Admissibility and Evidentiary Value in Bangladesh
4.2 Landmark Judicial Decisions

• Key Cases: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC
• Comparative Insights: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  4.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Interpretive Challenges
  4.4 Challenges of Proof, Authentication, and Integrity

Chapter V: Technological Dimensions and Cybersecurity Implications
5.1 Digital Signatures, Encryption, and Authentication Mechanisms
5.2 Forensic Integrity and Security of Electronic Records
5.3 Intersection with Cybersecurity Policies and Practices
5.4 Case Studies of Technological Failures and Legal Consequences

Chapter VI: Electronic Records in Digital Transactions and E-Commerce
6.1 Legal Recognition of Electronic Records in Digital Commerce
6.2 Role in Contract Law, Payment Systems, and Online Transactions
6.3 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Digital Transaction Framework
6.4 Conflict Mapping: ICT Act vs. DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act

Chapter VII: Comparative and International Perspectives
7.1 Global Legal Standards

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU E-Signature Regulations
• U.S. E-Sign Act and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
  7.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Asset Regulation
  7.3 Lessons and Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Critical Discussion and Analysis
8.1 Integration of Jurisprudential, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
8.2 Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC Grid Application
8.3 Identifying Gaps in Legislation and Judicial Practice
8.4 Implications for Cybersecurity, Governance, and Digital Commerce

Chapter IX: Findings
9.1 Summary of Key Insights from Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Analysis
9.2 Evidence-Based Trends in Judicial Decisions
9.3 Practical Implications for Regulators, Courts, and Practitioners

Chapter X: Recommendations
10.1 Legislative and Policy Reforms
10.2 Institutional and Administrative Measures
10.3 Strengthening Security, Admissibility, and Credibility of Electronic Records
10.4 Recommendations for E-Governance and Digital Transaction Frameworks

Chapter XI: Conclusion
11.1 Recapitulation of Major Findings
11.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Practice
11.3 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly Articles, Books, and Legal Commentaries
• Case Law Citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, PLD, AIR, SCC
• Statutes and Policy Documents
• Reports, Institutional Publications, and International Instruments

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Extracts from Section 7 of ICT Act and Related Provisions
• Comparative Legal Matrices and SWOC Tables
• Summaries of Landmark Cases and Policy Excerpts

This TOC ensures:

• Interdisciplinary scope: law, technology, cybersecurity, and e-commerce
• Analytical rigor: doctrinal analysis, SWOC, Legal Adequacy Matrix, and conflict mapping
• Comparative and global perspective: integration of international best practices, including cryptocurrency governance
• Evidence-backed scholarship: statutory citations, judicial precedents, policy documents, and academic sources

2410216147

MD. MAHINUR RAHMAN

“Codifying Digital Trust: A Comparative Study of the Legal Framework for Electronic Records under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and Global Cyber Law Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for digital governance.

Keywords

• Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Digital Trust, Cyber Law, Evidence, Comparative Analysis

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and comparative methods
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Digital Trust and Electronic Records
2.2 Legal Theories on Digital Evidence and Cyber Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 Global Standards and International Instruments

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Asset Standards

Chapter III: Legal Framework for Electronic Records in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Key definitions, Section 7 (Electronic Form and Authentication), Section 24 (Digital Signatures)
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Relevance to data integrity and cybercrime
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
• Admissibility of electronic records in courts
  3.5 Comparative Overview of Other Relevant Laws
• Banking, financial, and corporate regulations affecting digital records

Chapter IV: International Comparative Analysis

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, relevant case law
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, key judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, landmark judicial interpretations
  4.4 EU Legal Instruments
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border digital evidence recognition
  4.5 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance
• Comparative global regulations impacting electronic record validity

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Select cases interpreting ICT Act, Evidence Act, and DSA
• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT
  5.2 India, Pakistan, and Commonwealth Jurisdictions
• Selected case law on electronic evidence and digital trust
  5.3 United States and EU Case Law
• Judicial recognition of electronic records and blockchain-based evidence
  5.4 Comparative Lessons Learned

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Risk Analysis

6.1 National Policies on Digital Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Electronic Record Regulation
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance and Risk Mitigation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Contemporary Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Evidence and International Cooperation
7.3 Cryptocurrency and Emerging Digital Assets
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Legal and Institutional Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Comparative and Doctrinal Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Digital Trust
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law and Policy

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Promoting Global Best Practices
9.4 Framework for Digital Trust and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and the way forward

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Tables, Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

This structure ensures:

• Depth: Thorough doctrinal and comparative coverage.
• Interdisciplinary scope: Incorporates law, technology, policy, and cybersecurity perspectives.
• Evidence-backed arguments: Supports all claims with cases, statutes, journals, and reports.
• Contemporary relevance: Addresses cryptocurrencies, blockchain, cross-border digital evidence, and governance challenges.

2410716148

ISHTIYAK AHMED UTSHO

“Electronic Records and the Architecture of Digital Governance: Legal, Policy, and Practical Implications under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and policy implications.

Keywords

• Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context of Digital Governance
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and comparative methods
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Electronic Records and Digital Governance
2.2 Legal and Policy Theories on Electronic Evidence
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Global cryptocurrency governance instruments

Chapter III: Legal Framework for Electronic Records in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Key definitions and provisions (Sections 7, 24, etc.)
• Digital authentication, certification, and electronic signatures
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybercrime, data integrity, and evidence rules
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (amended)
• Admissibility of electronic records in courts
  3.5 Complementary Statutory Provisions
• Banking, corporate, and financial regulations relevant to digital records

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Analysis

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, key cases
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, landmark judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border evidence frameworks
  4.5 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance
• Global regulatory approaches impacting electronic record validity

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Select cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected electronic evidence cases
  5.3 Cross-Border Legal Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition and admissibility of electronic records

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Risk Analysis

6.1 National Policies on Digital Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, etc.
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of the Legal Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps, Gaps, and Regulatory Conflicts
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance and Risk Mitigation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Evidence and Cooperation
7.3 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technologies
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Concerns
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal and Comparative Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights for Digital Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law and Policy

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Promotion of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Trust and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summarizing research objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

This structure ensures:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal and comparative legal coverage.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, policy, and cybersecurity perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrencies, cross-border evidence, and digital governance challenges.

2412016149

MST. SETARA

“The Evidentiary Value of Electronic Records: Challenges, Gaps, and Prospects in the Context of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and practical implications.

Keywords

• Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Evidence, Digital Governance, Cyber Law

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context of Electronic Evidence
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and comparative approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Electronic Records and Evidentiary Value
2.2 Theories of Digital Evidence and Trust
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 International Standards and Comparative Legal Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Cryptocurrency governance frameworks

Chapter III: Legal Framework Governing Electronic Records in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Key definitions and provisions (Sections 7, 24, etc.)
• Digital signatures, authentication, and certification
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybercrime, data integrity, and evidentiary rules
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended)
• Admissibility and weight of electronic records
  3.5 Complementary Statutory Provisions
• Banking, corporate, and financial regulations relevant to electronic records

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, and key judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and landmark cases
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and significant judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border recognition of electronic evidence
  4.5 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance
• Global regulatory approaches affecting evidentiary validity

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on electronic evidence
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition, admissibility, and authenticity of electronic records

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Risk Assessment

6.1 National Digital Policies

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps and Overlaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Compliance and Risk Management

Chapter VII: Challenges and Contemporary Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Evidence and Mutual Legal Assistance
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and AI
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal and Comparative Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights for Evidence Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law and Policy

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Evidentiary Trust and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future research directions

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Thorough doctrinal and comparative analysis of electronic records as evidence.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Law, technology, cybersecurity, and digital policy integration.
• Evidence-backed Arguments: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly literature.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, cross-border evidence, and emerging digital technologies.

2410616150

MD. ANAMUL HAQUE

“Digital Identity, Records, and Accountability: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Electronic Records under the ICT Act, 2006 and their Impact on Corporate and Public Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for corporate and public governance.

Keywords

• Digital Identity, Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Accountability, Cyber Law

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Digital Identity and Governance
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Digital Identity and Electronic Records
2.2 Legal Theories of Accountability and Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Cryptocurrency governance and digital asset frameworks

Chapter III: Legal Framework Governing Electronic Records in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Key definitions and provisions (Sections 7, 24, etc.)
• Authentication, digital signatures, and certification authorities
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybercrime, data integrity, and evidentiary aspects
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
• Admissibility and weight of electronic records in courts
  3.5 Complementary Legal and Regulatory Provisions
• Banking, corporate, and financial regulations affecting digital identity and records

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Analysis

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, judicial interpretations on electronic records
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and landmark cases
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and key judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border recognition of digital records
  4.5 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance
• Comparative global regulatory approaches impacting digital identity and records

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Select cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: electronic records and accountability cases
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition, admissibility, and authenticity of digital records

Chapter VI: Corporate and Public Governance Implications

6.1 Role of Digital Records in Corporate Governance
6.2 Public Sector Accountability and Digital Administration
6.3 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
6.4 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps
6.5 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Risk Mitigation and Compliance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Evidence and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights into Digital Identity and Accountability
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Corporate and Public Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Trust, Records, and Accountability

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future research directions

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Thorough doctrinal, comparative, and policy-oriented analysis of electronic records and digital identity.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, corporate, and public governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, digital identity, cross-border evidence, and governance challenges.

2410116151

MAHMUDUL HASAN

“Legal Modernization in the Age of Information: Reforming the Concept of Electronic Records under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 to Align with Emerging Technologies and Global Practices”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for law reform and digital governance.

Keywords

• Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Legal Modernization, Digital Governance, Emerging Technologies, Cyber Law

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Legal Modernization in the Information Age
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Electronic Records in the Modern Legal Context
2.2 Legal Theories on Digital Evidence and Cyber Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Legal Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Cryptocurrency governance frameworks

Chapter III: Legal Framework Governing Electronic Records in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006

• Key definitions and provisions (Sections 7, 24, etc.)
• Digital authentication, digital signatures, and certification authorities
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybercrime, data integrity, and evidentiary rules
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)
• Admissibility and probative value of electronic records
  3.5 Complementary Statutory Provisions
• Banking, corporate, and financial regulations relevant to electronic records

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, and judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and landmark cases
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and significant judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border recognition of electronic evidence
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Cryptocurrency Governance
• Comparative global regulatory approaches impacting digital records and evidence

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Select cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: electronic records and evidence cases
  5.3 Cross-Border Legal Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition, admissibility, and authenticity of electronic records

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Risk Assessment

6.1 National Policies on Digital Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps and Overlaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance and Risk Mitigation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Evidence and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Legal Modernization and Digital Records
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms to Modernize ICT Act Provisions
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Legal Certainty, Digital Trust, and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and the path forward for legal modernization

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Thorough doctrinal, comparative, and policy-oriented coverage of electronic records.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, corporate, and public governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border evidence, and legal modernization challenges.

2410716152

MOMINUL ISLAM SHORIF

“Between Storage and Evidence: The Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Recognizing Electronic Records under Section 7 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for electronic record governance.

Keywords

• Electronic Records, ICT Act 2006, Section 7, Digital Evidence, Cyber Law, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Electronic Records and Their Legal Recognition
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Electronic Records: Storage vs. Evidence
2.2 Legal Doctrines on Electronic Evidence and Digital Trust
2.3 Technological Perspectives: Data Storage, Authentication, and Integrity
2.4 Policy and Governance Theories
2.5 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
• EU eIDAS Regulation
• Cryptocurrency governance and digital asset standards

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Section 7 of the ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Key Definitions and Provisions of Section 7
3.2 Authentication, Digital Signatures, and Certification Authorities
3.3 Complementary Provisions under ICT Act, DSA 2018, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and probative value of electronic records
  3.5 Interaction with Other Laws and Regulations
• Banking, corporate, and financial statutes affecting electronic records

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• E-SIGN Act, UETA, judicial interpretations of electronic evidence
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, landmark judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, significant case law
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border recognition of electronic records
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Cryptocurrency Governance
• Comparative global regulatory approaches impacting electronic records

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting Section 7 of ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on electronic evidence and storage
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition, admissibility, and authenticity of electronic records

Chapter VI: Technological and Policy Dimensions

6.1 Data Storage, Integrity, and Authentication Mechanisms
6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Electronic Record Regulation
6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Risk Mitigation and Compliance
6.5 Policy Implications for Digital Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Fraud
7.2 Cross-Border Electronic Evidence and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights for Section 7 Implementation
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Legal Certainty, Digital Trust, and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and the path forward for electronic record governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory charts and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Integrates doctrinal, technological, and policy dimensions of Section 7.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Law, technology, cybersecurity, and digital governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border evidence, and governance challenges.

2412016153

MST. IFFAT MUBASHWIRA

“Governing the Global Network: Legal, Policy, and Technological Implications of the Definition of ‘Internet’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for governance of digital networks.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Policy, Technology, Global Network

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Defining the Internet in Law and Policy
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining the Internet: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Theories of Digital Governance and Regulatory Control
2.3 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Cybersecurity
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU Recommendations, EU Digital Single Market
• Cryptocurrency and blockchain governance frameworks

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Definition of “Internet” under ICT Act
3.2 Digital Communication, Network Infrastructure, and Access
3.3 Complementary Provisions under DSA 2018, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
3.4 Interaction with Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authenticity of online communications
  3.5 Related Regulatory and Sectoral Statutes
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, key judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, landmark judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, significant cases
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border regulatory standards
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Governance
• Cryptocurrency, blockchain, and digital asset networks

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act regarding Internet and network governance
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on Internet, digital communication, and governance
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to Internet recognition, regulation, and evidence admissibility

Chapter VI: Policy, Technological, and Governance Dimensions

6.1 National Digital Policies

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network regulation frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Internet Governance under ICT Act
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Risk Mitigation
  6.5 Policy Implications for Public and Corporate Network Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Vulnerabilities
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Governance and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Institutional and Judicial Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Governance, Network Trust, and Compliance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for Internet governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal, technological, and policy analysis of Internet governance under ICT Act.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Law, technology, cybersecurity, and policy integration.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border Internet governance, and emerging network technologies.

2410616154

MD. MORSALIN ISLAM

“Between Connectivity and Regulation: Evaluating the Legal Framework for Internet Governance under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its International Comparisons”\

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for Internet governance.

Keywords

• Internet Governance, ICT Act 2006, Digital Regulation, Cyber Law, Policy, Global Standards

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Connectivity, Regulation, and Digital Governance
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Internet Governance: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Theories of Digital Regulation and Cyber Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Integration
2.4 Comparative and Global Standards

• UNCITRAL Model Law, ITU Recommendations
• EU Digital Single Market, eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and blockchain frameworks

Chapter III: Legal Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Internet Governance

• Definitions, regulatory powers, and enforcement mechanisms
  3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018
• Cybercrime, digital communication, and enforcement implications
  3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 & Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025
  3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended)
• Admissibility and probative value of online communications and records
  3.5 Related Regulatory and Sectoral Statutes
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT sector regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, key judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and landmark judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and selected cases
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border Internet governance standards
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Internet Regulation
• Cryptocurrency, blockchain, AI, and cross-border digital networks

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act regarding Internet governance
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on Internet regulation and enforcement
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to recognition, regulation, and evidence of online communications

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Internet Regulatory Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps and Overlaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Risk Management
  6.5 Technological Implications for Digital Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Vulnerabilities
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhanced Internet Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Connectivity, Regulation, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for Internet governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal, technological, and policy analysis of Internet governance under ICT Act.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, and policy perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border regulation, and emerging network technologies.

2410816155

MD. SAJEDUL ISLAM

“From Local Law to Global Cyberspace: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Definition of ‘Internet’ in Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and Its Implications for Digital Rights”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for digital rights and Internet governance.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Digital Rights, Cyber Law, Policy, Technology, Global Standards

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Internet Definition and Digital Rights in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining the Internet: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Theories of Digital Rights and Cyber Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Human Rights
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law, ITU Recommendations
• EU eIDAS Regulation, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance frameworks and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Definition of “Internet”
3.2 Regulatory Powers, Digital Communication, and Network Infrastructure
3.3 Complementary Provisions under DSA 2018, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility, authentication, and probative value of online communication
  3.5 Related Sectoral Laws
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT sector regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, key judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, landmark judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and significant cases
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border recognition of online communications
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Internet Governance
• Blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, and cross-border digital networks

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act regarding Internet definition and digital rights
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on Internet governance and digital rights
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to Internet recognition, regulation, and human rights implications

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance and Digital Rights

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network regulation frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Legal Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps and Overlaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Rights Protection
  6.5 Technological Implications for Network Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Vulnerabilities
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Protecting Digital Rights

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Definition and Digital Rights
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhancing Digital Rights
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Promoting Digital Rights, Governance, and Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for Internet governance and digital rights in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Integrates doctrinal, technological, policy, and human rights perspectives.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Law, technology, cybersecurity, and digital rights integration.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border governance, and emerging digital rights challenges.

2410616156

AMIR HAMJA

“Legal Recognition of the Internet: Jurisprudential, Technological, and Policy Dimensions under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for legal recognition and governance of the Internet.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Policy, Technology, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Internet Recognition in Legal and Policy Frameworks
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining the Internet: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Jurisprudential Theories on Digital Recognition
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy Integration
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law, ITU Recommendations
• EU eIDAS Regulation, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance frameworks and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet
3.2 Regulatory Powers, Network Infrastructure, and Digital Communication
3.3 Complementary Provisions under DSA 2018, CSA 2023 & CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility, authentication, and probative value of online communications
  3.5 Related Sectoral Laws
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, key judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and landmark judgments
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, and selected cases
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border recognition of online communications
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Internet Governance
• Blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, and cross-border digital networks

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act regarding Internet recognition
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: selected cases on Internet governance and recognition
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons
• Judicial approaches to Internet recognition, regulation, and governance

Chapter VI: Policy, Technological, and Governance Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network regulation frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Internet Regulatory Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps and Overlaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Network Recognition and Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Vulnerabilities
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial and Administrative Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Recognition and Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Strengthening Internet Recognition
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Legal Recognition, Digital Trust, and Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for Internet recognition and digital governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal, technological, and policy analysis of Internet recognition under ICT Act.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, and governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, cryptocurrency, AI, cross-border governance, and emerging network technologies.

2412116157

MAHFUJA NOOREE MEEM

“Regulating a Borderless Network: Challenges and Opportunities of the Internet under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in the Context of International Cyber Law”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for Internet regulation in Bangladesh and globally.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, International Law, Borderless Networks

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: The Borderless Internet and Regulatory Challenges
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining the Borderless Internet: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Theories of Cyber Governance, Digital Rights, and Regulatory Control
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and International Relations
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Frameworks

• UNCITRAL Model Law, ITU Recommendations
• EU eIDAS, GDPR, and cross-border Internet regulation
• Cryptocurrency governance and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet and Regulatory Scope
3.2 Digital Communication, Network Infrastructure, and Enforcement Mechanisms
3.3 Complementary Provisions under DSA 2018, CSA 2023, & CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authentication of online communications
  3.5 Related Sectoral and Regulatory Laws
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT sector regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, landmark cases, cross-border considerations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and key judicial interpretations
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, selected case law
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border data regulation
  4.5 Global Emerging Technologies
• Blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, IoT, and their implications for cross-border Internet governance

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Selected cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act regarding Internet governance
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: judicial approaches to Internet regulation and cross-border enforcement
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons and Judicial Trends
• Best practices and gaps in regulating borderless networks

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance and Digital Security

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network regulations
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Internet Regulatory Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Gaps, Overlaps, and Enforcement Challenges
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Borderless Network Regulation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Vulnerabilities
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Regulatory, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Regulating a Borderless Network
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Borderless Internet Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Trust, Compliance, and Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for Internet governance under Bangladesh’s ICT Act and in the context of international cyber law

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Integrates doctrinal, technological, policy, and comparative analyses of Internet governance.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Combines law, technology, cybersecurity, international law, and governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, IoT, cross-border enforcement, and emerging challenges in borderless networks.

2412016158

MST. HABIBA AKTER RITU

“Internet, Information Flow, and Digital Governance: A Critical Study of Section 8 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Relevance to E-Governance and Cybersecurity”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for Section 8 of the ICT Act, 2006 in relation to digital governance and cybersecurity.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Section 8, Digital Governance, E-Governance, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Internet, Information Flow, and Regulatory Challenges
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Information Flow in the Digital Age
2.2 Legal and Policy Theories on Digital Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Public Administration
2.4 Comparative Perspectives on Internet Regulation and E-Governance

• International standards (UNCITRAL, ITU, EU eIDAS, GDPR)
• Cryptocurrency and emerging digital technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Section 8 of the ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Text and Scope of Section 8
3.2 Regulatory Powers and Functions Relating to Information Flow
3.3 Complementary Provisions under DSA 2018, CSA 2023, & CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authenticity of digital communications
  3.5 Sectoral and Regulatory Context
• Telecommunications, banking, e-governance, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Internet governance, cybersecurity frameworks, and key judicial decisions
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and relevant case law
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, e-governance initiatives, and selected judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, and cross-border information flow regulation
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards
• Blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency impacts on information governance

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting Section 8 of the ICT Act, DSA, and Evidence Act regarding digital information and e-governance
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, etc.
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: judicial approaches to digital governance and cross-border information regulation
  5.3 Lessons from Comparative Case Law
• Trends, gaps, and jurisprudential insights

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Digital Governance and E-Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, and related frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Section 8 and Information Flow Regulation
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Cybersecurity, Compliance, and Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Digital Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Risks in Digital Information Flow
7.2 Cross-Border Information Governance and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, and Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Section 8 and Digital Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Strengthening Section 8 Implementation
9.2 Enhancing Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving E-Governance, Digital Trust, and Cybersecurity

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating information flow under Section 8 of the ICT Act and its relevance to e-governance and cybersecurity

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features of this Structure:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal, technological, and policy analysis of Section 8 of the ICT Act.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Combines law, technology, cybersecurity, and e-governance perspectives.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, cross-border governance, and emerging challenges in digital information regulation.

2410416159

MD. MAHRUF ISLAM MAHIM

“Global Networks, Local Laws: Legal and Policy Implications of the Internet under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Alignment with International Best Practices”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for Bangladesh’s Internet regulation in the context of global standards.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, International Law, Cross-Border Networks

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Internet Governance in a Globalized World
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Internet as a Global Network and Regulatory Challenges
2.2 Theories of Cyber Governance, Digital Rights, and Legal Pluralism
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Comparative and Global Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet and Regulatory Powers
3.2 Provisions on Digital Communication, Network Infrastructure, and Enforcement
3.3 Complementary Laws: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authentication of electronic records and communications
  3.5 Sectoral and Regulatory Context
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Communications Decency Act, key cases, cross-border Internet regulation
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000, judicial interpretations
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, selected judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border digital governance
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards
• Blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency frameworks

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act on Internet and digital governance
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: lessons on judicial approaches to global Internet regulation
  5.3 Cross-Border Lessons and Jurisprudential Trends

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, broadband and network regulations
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of Bangladesh’s Internet Regulatory Framework
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Cross-Border Internet Regulation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Risks in Cross-Border Networks
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.4 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Institutional, Regulatory, and Enforcement Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Aligning Local Laws with Global Networks
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Internet Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Trust, Compliance, and Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating the Internet under Bangladesh’s ICT Act in alignment with international best practices

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Depth: Doctrinal, comparative, policy, and technological analysis of Internet governance in Bangladesh.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, policy, and international standards.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, cross-border Internet regulation, and emerging network governance challenges.

2410816160

MD. MAHIDUL ISLAM

“The Internet as a Legal Concept: Interdisciplinary Insights from Technology, Law, and Policy under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications of conceptualizing the Internet as a legal entity under Bangladesh’s ICT Act.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Technology, Policy

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Internet as a Legal and Technological Phenomenon
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining the Internet in Law and Technology
2.2 Theories of Digital Governance and Legal Recognition
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Policy, and Technological Integration
2.4 Comparative and Global Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and emerging digital technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet
3.2 Section-wise Analysis: Powers, Responsibilities, and Obligations
3.3 Complementary Laws: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authenticity of electronic communications
  3.5 Sectoral and Regulatory Implications
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate, and IT governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States

• Internet governance, cybersecurity frameworks, and judicial interpretations
  4.2 United Kingdom
• Electronic Communications Act 2000 and key cases
  4.3 India and Pakistan
• IT Act 2000, Evidence Act amendments, selected judgments
  4.4 European Union
• GDPR, eIDAS, cross-border digital governance
  4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards
• Blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency governance

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act on Internet regulation
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: judicial approaches to defining the Internet as a legal concept
  5.3 Jurisprudential Insights and Lessons

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance and E-Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Internet Regulation
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance and Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Digital and Cyber Governance

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Risks and Threats
7.2 Cross-Border Internet Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on the Internet as a Legal Concept
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Internet Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Digital Trust, Compliance, and Cybersecurity

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for legal recognition of the Internet under the ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Depth: Comprehensive doctrinal, comparative, and policy analysis of the Internet as a legal concept.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Combines law, technology, policy, cybersecurity, and e-governance.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly sources.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, IoT, cryptocurrency, cross-border governance, and emerging digital challenges.

2410516161

MD. MAHINUZZAMAN RONOK

“Digital Communication and Legal Recognition: A Critical Examination of the Definition of ‘Internet’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Role in Cybersecurity and Digital Rights Protection”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for legal recognition of the Internet in Bangladesh, with focus on cybersecurity and digital rights.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Digital Rights, Electronic Communication

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Internet as a Tool for Digital Communication and Governance
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 The Internet as a Legal and Technological Construct
2.2 Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and Digital Rights: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
2.3 Legal Recognition of the Internet in Doctrinal and Policy Literature
2.4 Comparative and Global Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet and Electronic Communications
3.2 Section-wise Analysis of Relevant Provisions
3.3 Complementary Statutes: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility, authenticity, and evidentiary weight of digital communications
  3.5 Sectoral and Regulatory Implications
• Telecommunications, e-governance, banking, corporate, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States: Legal Recognition of Internet and Cybersecurity Frameworks
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cross-Border Digital Governance
4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency frameworks in digital communication

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting the ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act on Internet and digital communications
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• Lessons from India, Pakistan, UK, USA on judicial recognition of the Internet
  5.3 Jurisprudential Insights and Trends

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and Internet Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Internet Regulation and Digital Rights
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Digital Rights and Cross-Border Communications

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Risk Management
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Communication and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Regulatory, and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Definition, Digital Rights, and Cybersecurity
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Internet and Digital Communication Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Enhancing Digital Trust, Cybersecurity, and Protection of Digital Rights

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for legal recognition of the Internet and its role in cybersecurity and digital rights in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Depth: Combines doctrinal, comparative, policy, and technological analysis of the Internet as a legal concept.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, cybersecurity, technology, policy, and digital rights protection.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly literature.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, IoT, cryptocurrency, cross-border digital communication, and cybersecurity challenges.

2410716162

MD. FAHIM MUNTASIR

“Between Connectivity and Accountability: Evaluating the Role of Internet Regulation under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in Shaping National and Global Cyber Governance Frameworks”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for Internet regulation, accountability, and cyber governance in Bangladesh and globally.

Keywords

• Internet, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Governance, Digital Accountability, International Standards, Cryptocurrency

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Internet Connectivity and Legal Accountability
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding the Internet as a Legal and Technological Construct
2.2 Accountability in Digital Governance and Cyber Law
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Policy, and Technology
2.4 Comparative and Global Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and emerging technologies

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of the Internet and Electronic Communications
3.2 Key Provisions Relating to Accountability, Compliance, and Cybersecurity
3.3 Complementary Statutes: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and legal recognition of digital communications
  3.5 Sectoral Implications
• Telecommunications, banking, corporate governance, IT compliance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States: Cyber Governance and Accountability Frameworks
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Regulation and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cross-Border Digital Governance
4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency regulations

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act regarding Internet regulation and accountability
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: judicial perspectives on Internet governance and accountability
  5.3 Jurisprudential Insights and Emerging Trends

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Internet Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Accountability

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Cyber Governance and Accountability
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Cross-Border Regulation

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats and Risk Management
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Regulation and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Internet Regulation, Accountability, and Cyber Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Frameworks

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhanced Internet Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Digital Trust, Cybersecurity, and Accountability

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and implications for shaping national and global cyber governance frameworks

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, case law, statutes, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Depth: Combines doctrinal, comparative, policy, and technological analysis.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, cybersecurity, technology, policy, and digital accountability.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly literature.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses blockchain, AI, IoT, cryptocurrency, cross-border regulation, and emerging digital challenges.

2412516163

TAMEEMA TABASSUM

“Legal Recognition of Electronic Mail in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis of the ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Privacy, Security, and Digital Communication”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for legal recognition, privacy, and security of electronic mail in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Digital Communication, Privacy, Security, Cyber Governance, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Electronic Mail and Digital Communication
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Electronic Mail as a Legal and Technological Construct
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Communication
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Comparative and Global Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and digital communication standards

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Statutory Recognition of Electronic Mail
3.2 Key Provisions Affecting Privacy, Security, and Evidentiary Value
3.3 Complementary Statutes: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended)

• Admissibility and authenticity of electronic mail
  3.5 Sectoral Implications
• Corporate communication, e-governance, banking, and IT regulations

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 United States: Legal Recognition, Privacy, and Security of Emails
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and Global Standards

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, cryptocurrency and secure digital communication

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladesh

• Key cases interpreting ICT Act, DSA, Evidence Act regarding electronic mail
• Citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions
• India, Pakistan, UK, USA: judicial perspectives on email recognition, privacy, and security
  5.3 Jurisprudential Insights and Trends

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and Email Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Email Privacy and Security
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Email Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Privacy, Security, and Cross-Border Digital Communication

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Email Communication
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Communication and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Email Recognition, Privacy, Security, and Digital Communication
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Frameworks

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhanced Email Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for legal recognition of electronic mail and its impact on digital communication governance

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Depth: Combines doctrinal, comparative, policy, and technological analysis.
• Interdisciplinary Scope: Integrates law, cybersecurity, technology, policy, privacy, and digital accountability.
• Evidence-backed Analysis: Supported by statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents, and scholarly literature.
• Contemporary Relevance: Addresses emerging digital threats, cross-border communication, blockchain, AI, IoT, and cryptocurrency impacts on email governance.

2410616164

MD. ROBIUL AWAL

“Between Bytes and Law: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Electronic Mail under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Role in Cybersecurity and E-Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications of electronic mail in Bangladesh’s legal, cybersecurity, and e-governance landscape.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, E-Governance, Digital Communication, Privacy, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Emergence of Electronic Mail and Digital Communication
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Electronic Mail as a Legal, Technological, and Policy Concept
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Communication
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Legal Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance and secure digital communication

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh

3.1 Statutory Recognition of Electronic Mail under ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Key Provisions Affecting Privacy, Security, and Evidentiary Value
3.3 Complementary Statutes: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (as amended) and Admissibility of Email
3.5 Sectoral Implications

• Corporate communication, e-governance, banking, IT regulations

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Mail, Privacy, and Cybersecurity Law
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and International Best Practices

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency in secure digital communication

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Key Cases on ICT Act, DSA, and Email Recognition

• Citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Jurisprudential Trends and Legal Interpretations

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and E-Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Email Governance
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Email Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Privacy, Security, and Digital Accountability

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Email Communication
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Communication and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Email Recognition, Privacy, Security, and E-Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Cyber Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhanced Email Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Recapitulation of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for legal recognition of electronic mail, cybersecurity, and e-governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Integrates law, technology, cybersecurity, and policy dimensions.
• Supported by doctrines, case law, global standards, and national policies.
• Provides interdisciplinary and comparative insights for practical, legal, and policy reforms.

2412116165

MST. TAKIYATULL MOWA

“Regulating Digital Correspondence: A Doctrinal and Policy Study of Electronic Mail under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for digital correspondence regulation in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Digital Correspondence, Cybersecurity, E-Governance, Privacy, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Electronic Mail in the Context of Digital Governance
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Electronic Mail: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Correspondence
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Global Standards and Comparative Legal Frameworks

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD, EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Relevance to cryptocurrency governance and secure digital communication

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Statutory Recognition of Electronic Mail under ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Key Provisions Affecting Privacy, Security, and Evidentiary Value
3.3 Complementary Legislation: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amended) and Admissibility of Email
3.5 Sectoral Implications: Corporate Communication, E-Governance, Banking, IT

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications and Cybersecurity Law
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Case Law
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and International Best Practices

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency in secure email governance

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Landmark Judgments on Electronic Mail and ICT Act Provisions

• Citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Jurisprudential Trends and Interpretative Insights

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Dimensions

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and E-Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Email Governance
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Cybersecurity, and Email Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications for Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Electronic Mail
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Correspondence and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integrating Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Email Recognition, Privacy, Security, and E-Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Cyber Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Enhanced Email Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating digital correspondence under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Key Features:

• Interdisciplinary approach integrating law, technology, and policy.
• Evidence-backed with case law, global legal standards, and national policies.
• Provides actionable insights for cybersecurity, e-governance, and regulatory compliance.

2410616166

MD. RAKIBUL HASAN

“From Postal Law to Cyber Law: Legal and Technological Challenges in Recognizing Electronic Mail under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for electronic mail governance in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, Privacy, E-Governance, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Historical Evolution: From Postal Law to Electronic Communication
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Electronic Mail as a Legal and Technological Construct
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Correspondence
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Global Legal Instruments and Standards

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD Guidelines
• EU eIDAS, GDPR
• Cryptocurrency governance implications

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Statutory Recognition under ICT Act, 2006
3.2 Key Provisions on Privacy, Security, and Digital Correspondence
3.3 Complementary Legislation: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.4 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amendments) and Admissibility of Electronic Mail
3.5 Sectoral Implications: Corporate, Government, Banking, and IT Sectors

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications and Cybersecurity Law
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Key Case Law
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and International Best Practices

• Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency for secure digital correspondence

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Landmark Judgments on Electronic Mail and ICT Act Provisions

• Citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Trends, Conflicts, and Interpretative Insights

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Implications

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and E-Governance

• Bangladesh Digital Security Policy, National ICT Policy, E-Governance Frameworks
  6.2 SWOC Analysis of ICT Act Provisions on Email Governance
  6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
  6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Security, and Governance
  6.5 Technological Implications: Privacy, Security, and Accountability Challenges

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Electronic Mail
7.2 Cross-Border Digital Correspondence and International Cooperation
7.3 Privacy, Data Protection, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Technological Innovations: Blockchain, AI, IoT, Cryptocurrency
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integrating Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Electronic Mail Recognition, Privacy, Security, and E-Governance
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Cyber Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Email Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating electronic mail under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Features:

• Interdisciplinary approach integrating law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with case law, global standards, and national policies
• Actionable insights for cybersecurity, e-governance, and regulatory compliance

2410216167

TASIN AHMED ANIS

“Electronic Mail, Privacy, and Accountability: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006 and its Relevance to Digital Rights Protection”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for electronic mail governance, privacy, and accountability in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Privacy, Accountability, Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, E-Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Historical Context: From Postal Communication to Digital Mail
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope of the Research
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Electronic Mail as a Legal, Technological, and Social Construct
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Communication
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approaches: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Global Standards and Instruments

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD Guidelines
• GDPR, eIDAS, and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006: Scope and Interpretation
3.2 Complementary Statutes: DSA 2018, CSA 2023, CPO 2025
3.3 Evidence Act, 1872 (Amendments) and Admissibility of Electronic Mail
3.4 National Policy Documents: Digital Security Policy, E-Governance Frameworks
3.5 Sectoral Implications: Corporate, Government, Banking, and IT

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications, Privacy, and Cybersecurity Law
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretation
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Landmark Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and Best Practices in Digital Correspondence

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Landmark Judgments Interpreting Section 9

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Trends, Conflicts, and Interpretative Insights

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Implications

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
6.2 SWOC Analysis of Section 9 and Related Provisions
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Security, and Accountability
6.5 Technological Implications: AI, Blockchain, IoT, and Cryptocurrency

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Electronic Mail
7.2 Privacy and Data Protection Challenges
7.3 Cross-Border Digital Communication and International Cooperation
7.4 Ethical and Governance Considerations in Digital Correspondence
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Technological Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integrating Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Privacy, Accountability, and Digital Rights
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Cyber Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Electronic Mail Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating electronic mail under Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Features:

• Interdisciplinary approach integrating law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with case law, global standards, and national policies
• Actionable insights for privacy, cybersecurity, accountability, and e-governance

2410716168

NADIM HASAN

“Securing Communication in the Digital Era: Legal and Policy Dimensions of Electronic Mail under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications for electronic mail security, privacy, and accountability in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, ICT Act 2006, Digital Communication, Privacy, Cybersecurity, E-Governance, Digital Rights

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Communication from Postal Systems to Electronic Mail
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

*

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Electronic Mail in Legal and Technological Contexts
2.2 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Communication
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Global Standards and Governance Instruments

• UNCITRAL, ITU, OECD Guidelines
• GDPR, eIDAS, and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Legal and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006: Definition, Scope, and Interpretation
3.2 Complementary Laws and Instruments

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
• Evidence Act, 1872 (with relevant amendments)
  3.3 National Policy Documents: Digital Security and E-Governance Strategies
  3.4 Sectoral Implications: Corporate, Government, Banking, and IT

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications Privacy and Security Laws
4.2 United Kingdom: Electronic Communications Act and Judicial Interpretation
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts, Evidence Law, and Landmark Judgments
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Global Email Governance Standards
4.5 Emerging Technologies and Best Practices in Secure Digital Communication

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Key Judicial Decisions Interpreting Electronic Mail under Section 9

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Trends, Conflicts, and Interpretative Insights

Chapter VI: Policy, Governance, and Technological Implications

6.1 National Policies on Digital Communication, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
6.2 SWOC Analysis of Section 9 and Related Provisions
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Legal, Policy, and Technological Gaps
6.4 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Compliance, Security, and Accountability
6.5 Technological Considerations: AI, Blockchain, IoT, and Cryptocurrency Integration

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Electronic Mail
7.2 Privacy and Data Protection Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Digital Communication and International Cooperation
7.4 Ethical and Governance Considerations in Digital Correspondence
7.5 Institutional, Legal, and Technological Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integrating Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Privacy, Security, and Digital Rights
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for National and Global Cyber Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms for Electronic Mail Governance
9.2 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Adoption of Global Best Practices and Harmonization
9.4 Framework for Improving Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and future directions for regulating electronic mail under Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Features:

• Interdisciplinary approach integrating law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with case law, global standards, and national policies
• Practical tools like Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

2410716169

MD. ARIF ALI

“Electronic Mail as Evidence: Evaluating Admissibility, Authentication, and Legal Recognition under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research aims, methodology, and key findings on electronic mail as evidence in Bangladesh’s legal framework.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, Evidence, ICT Act 2006, Admissibility, Authentication, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, E-Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Digital Communication and Evidence
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance of Research
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Perspectives

2.1 Understanding Electronic Mail as Digital Evidence
2.2 Legal and Technological Perspectives on Authentication and Admissibility
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Correspondence
2.4 Interdisciplinary Approaches: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.5 Global Standards on Electronic Evidence and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 Section 9 of the ICT Act, 2006: Recognition of Electronic Mail
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Provisions on Electronic Records and Authentication
3.3 Complementary Legal Instruments

• Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
• Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
• Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
  3.4 National Policies and Guidelines on Digital Governance and Evidence
  3.5 Sectoral Implications: Corporate, Administrative, and Judicial Use

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 Admissibility of Electronic Mail in the United States
4.2 United Kingdom: Legal Recognition and Judicial Practice
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts and Evidence Law
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Digital Evidence Standards
4.5 Emerging Trends: Blockchain, AI, and Digital Signatures

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Key Case Law

5.1 Bangladesh: Landmark Decisions on Electronic Mail Evidence

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Jurisdictions: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Analysis of Trends, Conflicts, and Judicial Interpretations
  5.4 Doctrinal Insights on Admissibility and Authentication

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools for Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Electronic Mail Evidence
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Gaps
6.4 Evaluating Compliance, Privacy, and Security

Chapter VII: Challenges and Emerging Issues

7.1 Cybersecurity Threats to Electronic Mail Evidence
7.2 Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Evidence Collection and Legal Cooperation
7.4 Ethical, Policy, and Governance Implications
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Evaluation of Judicial, Administrative, and Technological Approaches
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Admissibility, Authentication, and Recognition
8.4 Key Findings and Implications for Digital Evidence Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Harmonization with International Best Practices
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Digital Communication

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and future directions for electronic mail evidence under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, case law, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping charts
• Comparative statutory and policy excerpts

Features:

• Integrates law, technology, and policy perspectives
• Evidence-backed with judicial citations and international best practices
• Includes practical analytical tools like Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

2410916170

ANUPAM MITRA AVI

“Digital Messaging and the Rule of Law: A Critical Examination of Electronic Mail under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key insights regarding electronic mail as a legal and regulatory construct in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, Digital Messaging, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Admissibility, Authentication, Privacy, Security, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Electronic Messaging and Legal Recognition
1.2 Research Problem and Key Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and comparative approach
• Use of Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Electronic Mail as Digital Communication
2.2 Legal Concepts of Admissibility, Authentication, and Evidence
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Messaging
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.5 Global Standards and Cryptocurrency Governance Frameworks

Chapter III: Statutory and Policy Landscape in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 9 and Other Relevant Provisions
3.2 Evidence Act, 1872: Provisions on Electronic Records
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
3.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.6 National Policy Documents: E-Governance and Cybersecurity Guidelines
3.7 Sectoral Implications: Corporate, Administrative, and Judicial Contexts

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Legal Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications and Evidence Law
4.2 United Kingdom: e-Commerce and e-Evidence Regulations
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts and Admissibility of Digital Records
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Digital Evidence Standards
4.5 Emerging Trends: Blockchain, Digital Signatures, and Authentication Technologies

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Key Case Law

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Decisions on Electronic Mail

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Interpretation of Admissibility and Authentication
  5.4 Conflict and Convergence in Judicial Approaches

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools for Assessment

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Electronic Mail Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping Across Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Dimensions
6.4 Evaluating Compliance, Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Cybersecurity Risks in Electronic Messaging
7.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Protection Issues
7.3 Cross-Border Evidence Collection and International Cooperation
7.4 Ethical and Governance Considerations
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practice
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Rule of Law and Digital Messaging
8.4 Key Findings and Policy Relevance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reform Proposals
9.2 Enhancing Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Digital Messaging

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, key findings, and recommendations for the legal recognition and governance of electronic mail in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Charts
• Comparative excerpts from statutes, policies, and judicial precedents

Features:

• Integrates law, technology, and policy perspectives
• Evidence-backed with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Employs analytical frameworks like Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, and Conflict Mapping

2410816171

SALEKUR RAHAMAN

“The Legal Framework for Electronic Communication: Interdisciplinary Insights into Electronic Mail under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and Emerging Challenges in Cybersecurity and Privacy”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and relevance to electronic communication, cybersecurity, and privacy in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, Digital Communication, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Privacy, Digital Governance, Admissibility, Authentication

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Electronic Mail and Digital Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Key Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and policy analysis
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Electronic Mail: Definition, Features, and Technological Aspects
2.2 Legal Concepts of Evidence, Admissibility, and Authentication
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Electronic Communication
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Technology, Law, and Policy
2.5 Comparative Overview: Global Standards and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 9 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Provisions on Electronic Records
3.6 National Policy Documents: E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Communication Guidelines
3.7 Sectoral Relevance: Administrative, Corporate, and Judicial Contexts

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications and Digital Evidence
4.2 United Kingdom: e-Commerce and Legal Recognition of Digital Messaging
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts and Admissibility of Electronic Records
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cybersecurity Standards
4.5 Emerging International Trends: Blockchain, Digital Signatures, and Authentication Technologies

Chapter V: Judicial Analysis and Key Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Electronic Mail and Digital Evidence

• Citing DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, and USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Interpretation of Admissibility, Authentication, and Privacy
  5.4 Conflict and Convergence in Judicial Approaches

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools for Assessment

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Electronic Mail Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping Across Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Dimensions
6.4 Evaluating Compliance, Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Cybersecurity Risks in Digital Communication
7.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Protection Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Evidence Collection and International Cooperation
7.4 Ethical, Governance, and Accountability Considerations
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh’s Regulatory Framework

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practice
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Digital Communication, Cybersecurity, and Privacy
8.4 Key Findings and Policy Relevance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Enhancing Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Electronic Mail Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and recommendations on electronic mail, privacy, and cybersecurity under Bangladesh law

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Charts
• Comparative excerpts from statutes, policies, and judicial precedents

Features:

• Integrates law, technology, and policy perspectives
• Evidence-backed with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical frameworks: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Analysis, Conflict Mapping

2410916172

S. M. REDUAN ZUNAED

“From Information to Evidence: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives on Electronic Mail under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and relevance to electronic communication, cybersecurity, and digital evidence.

Keywords

• Electronic Mail, Digital Evidence, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Privacy, Admissibility, Authentication, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Electronic Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Key Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and policy-oriented approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Electronic Mail: Definition, Technological Features, and Communication Dynamics
2.2 Legal Concepts of Evidence, Admissibility, and Authentication
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Messaging
2.4 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.5 Global Standards and Comparative Insights on Digital Communication and Cryptocurrency Governance

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 9 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Provisions on Electronic Records and Digital Evidence
3.6 National Policy Documents: E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Communication Guidelines
3.7 Administrative, Corporate, and Judicial Applications

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Electronic Communications, Digital Evidence, and Admissibility
4.2 United Kingdom: e-Commerce, Digital Messaging, and Legal Recognition
4.3 India and Pakistan: IT Acts and Judicial Interpretations
4.4 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cybersecurity Standards
4.5 Emerging International Trends: Digital Signatures, Blockchain, and Authentication Technologies

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Electronic Mail and Digital Evidence

• Referencing DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Admissibility, Authentication, and Privacy
  5.4 Conflicts and Harmonization in Judicial Approaches

Chapter VI: Analytical Frameworks for Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Electronic Mail Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping Across Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Domains
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Cybersecurity Risks in Electronic Communication
7.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Protection Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Evidence Collection and International Cooperation Challenges
7.4 Ethical, Governance, and Accountability Considerations
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh’s Regulatory Framework

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practice
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Electronic Mail as Information and Evidence
8.4 Key Findings and Policy Relevance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law and Digital Governance Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Electronic Mail Management

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summarizing research objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations on electronic mail, privacy, security, and digital evidence under Bangladesh law

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Charts
• Comparative excerpts from statutes, policies, and judicial precedents

Features:

• Interdisciplinary scope: law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC, Conflict Mapping
• Focus on electronic mail as both information and admissible evidence

2412116173

INJURI AKTER DINA

“The Legal Ontology of Data: A Critical Analysis of the Definition of ‘Data’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Implications for Digital Governance and Cybersecurity”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and relevance to data governance, cybersecurity, and legal recognition of digital information.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Legal Recognition, Privacy, Admissibility

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of the Concept of Data in Legal and Technological Contexts
1.2 Research Problem and Key Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and policy-oriented approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Technological, Legal, and Philosophical Perspectives
2.2 Data as Information vs. Evidence
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Contexts
2.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, Policy
2.5 Comparative Overview: International Definitions and Standards on Data Governance

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definition and Scope of ‘Data’
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policy Documents: Data Governance, Digital Security, E-Governance Policies
3.7 Administrative and Judicial Implications

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Legal Recognition of Data and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Data Protection Standards
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Digital Governance
4.4 India and Pakistan: IT Acts and Judicial Interpretations
4.5 Global Trends in Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Data Governance

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Data, Digital Evidence, and Cyber Offenses

• Case references: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Definition, Scope, and Legal Recognition
  5.4 Conflicts and Harmonization in Judicial Approaches

Chapter VI: Analytical Frameworks for Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix for Data Governance under ICT Act, 2006
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping Across Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Domains
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Data Breach, Cybersecurity Risks, and Digital Vulnerabilities
7.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Protection Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow, International Cooperation, and Conflicts
7.4 Ethical, Governance, and Accountability Considerations
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh’s Regulatory Framework

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practice
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Data as Information and Evidence
8.4 Key Findings and Policy Relevance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law and Data Governance Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Data Management

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summarizing research objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations on the definition of data, cybersecurity, and digital governance under Bangladesh law

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Charts
• Comparative excerpts from statutes, policies, and judicial precedents

Features:

• Interdisciplinary focus: law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC, Conflict Mapping
• Focus on ‘data’ as both a legal and technological concept

2410216174

MD. ASHIK MIA

“From Bits to Law: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Data as a Legal Concept under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and significance for data governance, cybersecurity, and legal recognition of digital information.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Legal Recognition, Privacy, Admissibility

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Data as a Legal Concept
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and comparative approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Technological, Legal, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Data as Information, Evidence, and a Legal Construct
2.3 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Environments
2.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, Policy
2.5 Comparative International Perspectives on Data Governance

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definitions and Scope of ‘Data’
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Electronic Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policy Documents: Data Governance, Digital Security, and E-Governance Policies
3.7 Administrative and Judicial Implications

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Legal Perspectives

4.1 United States: Legal Recognition of Data and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Data Governance Standards
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy and Cybersecurity Framework
4.4 South Asian Perspective: India and Pakistan IT Acts
4.5 Global Trends: Cryptocurrency Governance and Data Regulation

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Data, Digital Evidence, and Cyber Offenses

• Citing DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Definition, Scope, and Legal Recognition of Data
  5.4 Conflicts and Harmonization in Judicial Approaches

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools for Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessing Data Governance under ICT Act, 2006
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping Across Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Domains
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Privacy, Security, and Accountability

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Cybersecurity Risks and Data Breaches
7.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Digital Rights Concerns
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow and International Cooperation
7.4 Ethical, Governance, and Accountability Considerations
7.5 Technological and Legal Gaps in Bangladesh’s Regulatory Framework

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practice
8.3 Interdisciplinary Insights on Data as Information and Evidence
8.4 Key Findings and Policy Relevance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law and Data Governance Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Secure Data Management

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations for data governance, cybersecurity, and legal recognition under Bangladesh law

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Charts
• Comparative excerpts from statutes, policies, and judicial precedents

Features:

• Interdisciplinary focus: law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical tools for assessing legal adequacy, strengths, weaknesses, and conflicts
• Emphasis on data as both a legal and technological construct

2410616175

MD. SHAHRIN ISLAM

“Legal Recognition and Protection of Data: Evaluating the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh in Light of Emerging Challenges in Big Data, AI, and Digital Evidence”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and relevance to data governance, AI, Big Data, and digital evidence in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Evidence, Privacy, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Data as a Legal Concept
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Significance, and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and empirical approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Data as Information, Evidence, and Legal Entity
2.3 Emerging Technologies: Big Data, AI, and Digital Transformation
2.4 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Governance
2.5 Comparative Theoretical Perspectives: International Cyber Law and Data Governance

Chapter III: National Legal and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definition, Scope, and Key Provisions on Data
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA): Implications for Data Protection
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA): Digital Governance and Risk Mitigation
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO): Emerging Threats and Legal Safeguards
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Electronic Evidence, Admissibility, and Authentication
3.6 National Policies on Data Governance, AI, and Cybersecurity
3.7 Institutional and Administrative Dimensions of Data Protection

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Data Protection, AI Governance, and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cross-Border Data Regulation
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy, Cybersecurity, and AI Governance
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – IT Acts, Big Data, and AI Regulation
4.5 Global Trends in Cryptocurrency Governance and Data Protection
4.6 Lessons for Bangladesh: Comparative Insights

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Case Law on Data, Digital Evidence, and Cyber Offenses

• Citing DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Section 2 and Section 39 of ICT Act, 2006
  5.4 Conflicts, Ambiguities, and Harmonization in Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools and Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessment of ICT Act, 2006 in the Context of AI and Big Data
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges in Data Protection
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Intersections
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Risk, Privacy, and Security

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Big Data and AI: Legal, Ethical, and Technological Challenges
7.2 Cybersecurity Risks, Digital Evidence, and Data Breaches
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow, Cloud Computing, and International Cooperation
7.4 Privacy, Digital Rights, and Accountability Issues
7.5 Policy Gaps and Recommendations for Future-proof Governance

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Integration of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practices
8.3 Key Findings on Legal Recognition, Protection, and Emerging Technologies
8.4 Insights for Strengthening Data Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Enhancing Judicial and Administrative Capacity
9.3 Alignment with International Standards on AI, Big Data, and Cyber Law
9.4 Policy, Technological, and Governance Recommendations

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations for legal recognition, protection, and governance of data in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
• Comparative statutory and judicial excerpts

Features of the Article:

• Interdisciplinary coverage: law, technology, AI, and policy
• Evidence-backed arguments with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical tools to evaluate adequacy, gaps, and conflicts
• Focus on emerging challenges like AI, Big Data, and digital evidence

2410816176

MD. ALI AHMED

“Data Governance and the Rule of Law: Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Defining ‘Data’ under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and relevance to data governance, legal recognition, and cybersecurity in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Big Data, Privacy, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Defining ‘Data’ as a Legal Concept
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Significance, and Interdisciplinary Relevance
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and empirical approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data’: Definitions in Law, Technology, and Policy
2.2 Data as Legal Entity, Digital Asset, and Evidence
2.3 Technological Dimensions: Big Data, AI, and Digital Infrastructure
2.4 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Governance
2.5 Comparative Theoretical Perspectives: International Cyber Law Standards

Chapter III: National Legal and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Data Definition and Protection
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA): Cyber Offenses, Data Security, and Governance
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA): Emerging Threats and Mitigation
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO): Legal Safeguards and Enforcement
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Authentication of Digital Data
3.6 National Policies: Digital Governance, AI, Big Data, and Cybersecurity
3.7 Institutional and Administrative Mechanisms

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Data Protection, AI Governance, and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cross-Border Data Regulation
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Emerging Technologies
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – IT Acts, Digital Governance, and Data Protection
4.5 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance and Digital Data
4.6 Lessons for Bangladesh: Comparative Analysis

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretations and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Case Law on Data, Digital Evidence, and Cyber Offenses

• Case citations from DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Section 2 and Section 39 of ICT Act, 2006
  5.4 Conflicts, Ambiguities, and Harmonization in Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools and Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Assessment of ICT Act, 2006 on Data Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Intersection of Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Dimensions
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Risk, Privacy, and Security

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Big Data and AI: Legal, Ethical, and Technological Challenges
7.2 Cybersecurity Risks, Digital Evidence, and Data Breaches
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow, Cloud Computing, and International Cooperation
7.4 Privacy, Digital Rights, and Accountability Issues
7.5 Policy Gaps and Recommendations for Enhancing Data Governance

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Judicial, Administrative, and Corporate Practices
8.3 Key Findings on Legal Recognition, Protection, and Emerging Technologies
8.4 Recommendations for Strengthening Digital Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Capacity Building
9.3 Alignment with International Standards on AI, Big Data, and Cyber Law
9.4 Policy, Technological, and Governance Recommendations

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations for legal recognition, governance, and protection of data in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
• Comparative statutory and judicial excerpts

Features of the Article:

• Interdisciplinary scope covering law, technology, AI, Big Data, and policy
• Evidence-backed arguments with Bangladeshi and international case citations
• Analytical evaluation of legal adequacy, gaps, and conflicts
• Focus on digital governance, cybersecurity, and data protection challenges

2410516177

MD. EKRAM HOSSAIN

“From Punch Cards to Cloud Storage: The Evolution and Legal Significance of ‘Data’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, scope, methodology, key findings, and relevance to data governance, digital law, and cybersecurity in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Big Data, Cloud Storage, Privacy, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Historical Evolution of Data – From Punch Cards to Cloud Storage
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and empirical approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Data as a Legal Concept, Digital Asset, and Evidence
2.3 Technological Evolution: Big Data, Cloud Computing, AI
2.4 Privacy, Security, and Accountability in Digital Governance
2.5 International Perspectives on Data Governance and Cyber Law

Chapter III: National Legal Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Defining Data and Legal Recognition
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA): Data Protection and Cyber Offenses
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA): Emerging Threats and Legal Measures
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO): Enforcement and Compliance
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Digital Data
3.6 National Policy Documents on Data, Cybersecurity, and Digital Governance
3.7 Institutional Mechanisms and Regulatory Bodies

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 United States: Data Protection, AI Governance, and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cloud Data Regulation
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy and Cybersecurity Standards
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – Legal Frameworks on Digital Data
4.5 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance and Data Flow
4.6 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning National Law with International Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Data and Digital Evidence

• Citing DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Sections Relevant to Data in the ICT Act, 2006
  5.4 Conflicts, Ambiguities, and Harmonization in Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Analytical Tools and Evaluation

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Evaluating ICT Act, 2006 for Data Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Dimensions
6.4 Assessment of Compliance, Privacy, Security, and International Standards

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Big Data, AI, and Cloud Computing: Legal and Ethical Issues
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Data Breaches
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow and International Cooperation
7.4 Privacy, Digital Rights, and Accountability Challenges
7.5 Policy Gaps and Recommendations for Strengthening Data Governance

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Law, Administration, and Corporate Practices
8.3 Key Findings on Legal Recognition and Emerging Technologies
8.4 Recommendations for Enhancing Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Capacity Building
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, key findings, and recommendations for legal recognition and governance of data in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
• Comparative statutory and judicial excerpts

Key Features:

• Interdisciplinary focus on law, technology, AI, and policy
• Evidence-backed arguments with Bangladeshi and international case law
• Analytical evaluation using Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC analysis
• Focus on historical evolution of data and contemporary digital governance challenges

2412416178

FARDINA FERDOUSY

“Digital Information as Evidence: A Critical Appraisal of the Definition of ‘Data’ under the ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Admissibility, Authentication, and Cybersecurity”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, scope, methodology, key findings, and relevance to digital evidence, cybersecurity, and legal governance in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Evidence, Admissibility, Authentication, Cybersecurity, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Emergence of Data as Evidence in the Digital Era
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and analytical approaches
• Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Data’ in Legal, Technological, and Policy Contexts
2.2 Data as Evidence: Concepts, Challenges, and Standards
2.3 Technological Dimensions: Digital Storage, Cloud, AI, and Big Data
2.4 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Digital Rights Implications
2.5 International Perspectives on Data as Legal Evidence

Chapter III: Legal Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definition, Recognition, and Legal Treatment of Data
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA): Cyber Offenses and Data Protection
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA): Emerging Challenges and Regulations
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO): Compliance and Enforcement
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility, Authentication, and Digital Proof
3.6 National Policies on Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, and Data Protection
3.7 Institutional and Regulatory Mechanisms

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Frameworks

4.1 United States: Electronic Evidence, AI, and Data Governance
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Digital Evidence Regulation
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Privacy and Cybersecurity Standards
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – Legal Recognition of Digital Evidence
4.5 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance and Data Flow
4.6 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization with International Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Decisions on Digital Evidence and Data

• Proper citation using DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Judicial Approaches: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Sections Related to Data and Digital Evidence
  5.4 Conflict, Ambiguity, and Harmonization in Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Analytical Framework

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: ICT Act, 2006 and Data Governance
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Interplay between Statutes, Policy, and Technology
6.4 Assessment of Admissibility, Authentication, and Cybersecurity Compliance

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Big Data, AI, and Cloud Storage: Legal and Evidentiary Implications
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats, Data Breaches, and Accountability
7.3 Cross-Border Data Flow and International Cooperation
7.4 Privacy, Digital Rights, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Identified Policy and Regulatory Gaps in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Judiciary, and Administrative Governance
8.3 Key Findings on Admissibility, Authentication, and Security of Data
8.4 Recommendations for Strengthening Legal Recognition of Digital Evidence

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reform
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Capacity-Building
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Data Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and recommendations
• Emphasis on digital evidence, cybersecurity, and harmonization with global standards

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix
• SWOC Grid
• Conflict Mapping of Statutory Provisions, Judicial Decisions, and Technological Considerations

Key Features:

• Interdisciplinary analysis of law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed with national and international case law
• Analytical evaluation using Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC analysis
• Focus on admissibility, authentication, and cybersecurity in digital evidence

2410516179

MD. RAKIBUL ISLAM

“The Architecture of Data in Law and Technology: Interdisciplinary Insights from Section 10 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, key findings, and significance for digital governance, cybersecurity, and legal recognition of data.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Section 10, Digital Evidence, Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Legal and Technological Evolution of Data
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Significance of the Study
1.5 Methodology

• Doctrinal, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches
• Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Data’ in Law and Technology
2.2 Data as a Legal Concept: Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Policy Dimensions
2.3 Digital Architecture of Data: Cloud, Big Data, and AI Perspectives
2.4 Cybersecurity and Privacy Considerations
2.5 International Perspectives and Comparative Insights

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Overview of Section 10: Definitions and Legal Recognition
3.2 Related Provisions: Sections 2, 7, and 9 of the ICT Act
3.3 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA) and Its Implications
3.4 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA) and Emerging Challenges
3.5 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO) and Enforcement Mechanisms
3.6 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility, Authentication, and Data as Proof
3.7 National Policies on Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, and Data Protection

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Frameworks

4.1 United States: Legal Treatment of Digital Evidence and Data
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Cross-Border Data Recognition
4.3 United Kingdom: Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, and Digital Evidence
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – Comparative Case Law and Statutory Frameworks
4.5 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency Governance
4.6 Lessons and Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Section 10 and Digital Evidence

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Judicial Approaches: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Admissibility, Authentication, and Legal Challenges
  5.4 Conflict, Ambiguity, and Harmonization in Judicial Interpretations

Chapter VI: Analytical Framework

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 10 and Related Statutes
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Interplay of Statutory Provisions, Policy, and Technology
6.4 Assessment of Compliance with Cybersecurity and Digital Governance Standards

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges and Policy Gaps

7.1 Big Data, AI, and Cloud Storage: Legal Implications under Section 10
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Accountability in Digital Data Handling
7.3 Privacy, Digital Rights, and Ethical Considerations
7.4 Cross-Border Data Transfer and International Compliance
7.5 Identified Gaps in Bangladesh’s Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Judiciary, and Administrative Governance
8.3 Key Findings on Data Recognition, Security, and Admissibility
8.4 Recommendations for Strengthening Legal and Technological Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative Reforms and Regulatory Improvements
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Capacity-Building
9.3 Harmonization with International Cyber Law Standards
9.4 Technological and Policy Recommendations for Digital Data Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of research objectives, methodology, findings, and policy implications
• Emphasis on the legal architecture of data and alignment with cybersecurity and global best practices

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 10 and related laws
• SWOC Grid for Section 10 and Data Governance
• Conflict Mapping of Statutory Provisions, Judicial Decisions, and Technological Considerations

Key Features:

• Interdisciplinary focus on law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed analysis using national and international case law
• Analytical tools including Legal Adequacy Matrix and SWOC analysis
• Focus on Section 10 of ICT Act, 2006: recognition, cybersecurity, and governance of data

2411016180

MD. HASIBUZZAMAN

“Big Data, Privacy, and Security: Evaluating the Legal Framework for ‘Data’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in an Era of Digital Transformation”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research aims, methodology, and key findings on data governance, privacy, security, and legal recognition in Bangladesh.

Keywords

• Data, ICT Act 2006, Big Data, Privacy, Security, Digital Transformation, Cyber Law, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Transformation and Big Data in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance and Scope
1.5 Research Methodology

• Doctrinal and interdisciplinary approaches
• Analytical tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
  1.6 Structure of the Article

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Big Data: Characteristics, Challenges, and Implications
2.3 Privacy and Security in Digital Environments
2.4 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Data Governance
2.5 Comparative Insights from Global Cyber Law and Data Governance

Chapter III: Legal Framework under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006

3.1 Section 10 and Related Provisions: Definitions and Legal Recognition of Data
3.2 Sections 2, 7, and 9: Complementary Legal Measures
3.3 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Authentication of Data as Evidence
3.4 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA): Privacy and Security Measures
3.5 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA) and Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO)
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, and Data Protection

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Frameworks

4.1 United States: Legal Recognition of Big Data and Digital Evidence
4.2 European Union: GDPR, eIDAS, and Data Privacy Regulation
4.3 United Kingdom: Data Protection and Cybersecurity Standards
4.4 South Asia: India and Pakistan – Statutory and Judicial Approaches
4.5 Global Legal Instruments on Cryptocurrency and Digital Data Governance
4.6 Lessons and Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Data, Privacy, and Digital Evidence

• Case citations: DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD
  5.2 Comparative Judicial Approaches: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
  5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Admissibility, Authentication, Privacy, and Security Challenges
  5.4 Conflict and Harmonization in Judicial Interpretations

Chapter VI: Analytical Framework

6.1 Legal Adequacy Matrix: Section 10 and Associated Statutes
6.2 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.3 Conflict Mapping: Statutory Provisions, Judicial Decisions, and Technological Implications
6.4 Assessment of Compliance with Privacy, Security, and Cyber Governance Standards

Chapter VII: Emerging Challenges in Big Data Governance

7.1 Data Privacy and Protection Challenges
7.2 Security Risks and Cyber Threats in Big Data Environments
7.3 AI, Cloud Storage, and IoT: Legal and Policy Implications
7.4 Cross-Border Data Flow and International Legal Compliance
7.5 Identified Gaps and Policy Deficiencies in Bangladesh

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Findings

8.1 Synthesis of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analyses
8.2 Implications for Legal Practice, Judiciary, and Digital Governance
8.3 Key Findings on Data Recognition, Privacy, and Security
8.4 Recommendations for Enhancing Legal and Technological Governance

Chapter IX: Recommendations

9.1 Legislative and Regulatory Reforms
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Capacity-Building
9.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law and Data Governance Standards
9.4 Policy and Technological Recommendations for Big Data Governance

Chapter X: Conclusion

• Summary of objectives, methodology, findings, and policy significance
• Emphasis on legal recognition, privacy, and security of data in Bangladesh

Chapter XI: References (APA 7th Edition)

• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, statutes, judicial decisions, and policy documents

Chapter XII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 10 and associated statutes
• SWOC Grid on Big Data, Privacy, and Security
• Conflict Mapping of Statutory, Judicial, and Technological Considerations

Key Features:

• Interdisciplinary approach: law, technology, and policy
• Evidence-backed analysis using Bangladeshi and comparative international case law
• Analytical tools for evaluating legal, technological, and policy gaps
• Focus on Section 10 of ICT Act, 2006, privacy, cybersecurity, and emerging digital challenges

2410716181

JOHIRUL ALAM

“Legal and Policy Challenges in the Digital Age: Reconceptualizing the Definition of ‘Data’ under the ICT Act, 2006 for Emerging Technologies and Global Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the article’s objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Highlighting the challenges of defining ‘data’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in the context of emerging technologies.

Keywords: Data, ICT Act 2006, Digital Policy, Emerging Technology, Cybersecurity, Global Standards

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.3 Reconceptualizing ‘Data’ in the Digital Age
2.4 Theoretical Models: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Legal Framework Governing Data in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Relating to ‘Data’
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records
3.6 Interaction with Other Relevant Laws (Penal Code, 1860; Personal Data Protection Law; E-Commerce Regulations)

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 Definitional Approaches to ‘Data’ under Global Standards
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 GDPR and Data Protection Frameworks: Lessons for Bangladesh
4.4 United Nations, OECD, and World Bank Guidelines
4.5 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, and Pakistan

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Cases from Bangladesh
5.2 Key Indian Decisions and Comparative Insights
5.3 Selected Decisions from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Commentary and Interpretation of ‘Data’
5.5 Implications for Emerging Technologies (AI, IoT, Blockchain)

Chapter VI: Policy Analysis and National Strategy

6.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Transformation Initiatives
6.2 Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Policy Framework
6.3 Cybersecurity Policies and National Security Considerations
6.4 Legal-Policy Gaps and Emerging Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Current Legal Framework

Chapter VII: Methodology

7.1 Research Design and Approach
7.2 Doctrinal Research Method: Statutory Analysis and Case Law Study
7.3 Comparative Legal Methodology
7.4 Policy Analysis Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix & Conflict Mapping
7.5 Data Collection: Scholarly Articles, Reports, and Legal Commentaries

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of ICT Act 2006 in Defining ‘Data’
8.2 Conflicts and Ambiguities Across Related Statutes
8.3 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, and Ethics
8.4 Reconciling National and Global Standards
8.5 Analysis of Cryptocurrency and Emerging Technology Regulation

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Key Legal and Policy Gaps
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Standards
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act and Related Legislations
10.2 Policy Measures for Data Governance
10.3 Harmonization with International Standards
10.4 Strengthening Judicial and Administrative Capacity
10.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Policy Debate
11.3 Closing Reflections

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Tables: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
• Policy documents or excerpts
• Comparative charts on international definitions of ‘data’

2410216182

MD. MIJANUR RAHMAN

“Data, Law, and Governance: A Comprehensive Study of the Definition of ‘Data’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and its Relevance to Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Rights”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the article’s objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Highlighting the significance of defining ‘data’ in Bangladesh’s digital ecosystem.

Keywords: Data, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Rights, E-Commerce, Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Rationale
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.3 Emerging Technologies and the Digital Age: Implications for ‘Data’
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework on Data

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on ‘Data’
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code, 1860; E-Commerce Regulations; Personal Data Protection Framework

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Definitions of ‘Data’ and Digital Assets
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Data Protection Laws and GDPR: Comparative Insights
4.4 Legal Standards from USA, UK, India, EU, and Pakistan
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization with Global Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on ‘Data’ and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Indian Judicial Approaches and Interpretive Trends
5.3 Selected Decisions from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Emerging Technologies: AI, IoT, and Digital Platforms

Chapter VI: Policy Context and National Strategy

6.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Transformation Goals
6.2 Digital Rights, E-Commerce, and Consumer Protection Policies
6.3 Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Governance in Bangladesh
6.4 Cybersecurity Policy Considerations
6.5 SWOC Analysis of the Current Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Methodology

7.1 Research Design: Doctrinal and Comparative Legal Approach
7.2 Data Sources: Statutory Provisions, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
7.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping, SWOC Grid
7.4 Limitations and Scope of the Study

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Definition of ‘Data’
8.2 Conflicts Across Statutory Instruments and Policies
8.3 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Ethics, and Governance
8.4 Reconciling National Law with Global Standards
8.5 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Key Legal Gaps and Policy Challenges
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Standards
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms for Defining ‘Data’ under ICT Act and Related Laws
10.2 Policy Recommendations for Digital Rights and E-Commerce
10.3 Harmonization with International Standards and Best Practices
10.4 Enhancing Institutional Capacity and Governance Mechanisms
10.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Policy Debate
11.3 Closing Reflections on Data Governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on definitions of ‘data’ under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or regulations

2410516183

MD. RAKIBUL ISLAM POLOK

“Legal Recognition of Data Messages in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis of Section 11 of the ICT Act, 2006 and its Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Importance of Section 11 in recognizing data messages for legal, commercial, and governance purposes.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, E-Commerce, Digital Governance, Electronic Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context of Digital Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data Message’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.3 Legal Theories Relevant to Electronic Communication
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory Framework for Data Messages in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection Laws, Penal Code, 1860

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives

4.1 Global Recognition of Data Messages and Electronic Communications
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Frameworks: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with International Standards
4.5 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other Guidelines on Electronic Evidence and Data Messages

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Decisions on Section 11 and Data Messages
5.2 Landmark Indian Judgments on Electronic Records
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Policy and Governance Implications

6.1 National ICT and Digital Policy Documents
6.2 E-Commerce and Digital Trade Policies
6.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
6.4 Cryptocurrency and Emerging Technology Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Legal and Policy Framework on Data Messages

Chapter VII: Research Methodology

7.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
7.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
7.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
7.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
8.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
8.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
8.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Technology, Law, and Digital Governance
8.5 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Considerations

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition of Data Messages
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
10.2 Policy Recommendations for E-Commerce and Digital Governance
10.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
10.4 Strengthening Institutional and Judicial Capacity
10.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
11.3 Closing Reflections on Data Messages in Bangladesh

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages in international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2411116184

MD. RIFAT

“From Telex to SMS: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Data Messages under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 and their Legal and Evidentiary Significance”

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Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study, research objectives, and methodology.
• Significance of data messages in Bangladesh’s legal and technological landscape.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Evidence, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, E-Commerce

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Historical Evolution of Data Messages: From Telex to SMS and Beyond
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.3 Theories of Electronic Evidence and Legal Recognition
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Legal Framework Governing Data Messages in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Data Messages
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Recognition of Data Messages and Electronic Communications
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization with International Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Decisions from Bangladesh on Data Messages and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Cases and Interpretive Trends
5.3 Selected Decisions from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Policy Implications and Governance Considerations

6.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Strategies
6.2 E-Commerce and Digital Trade Policies
6.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
6.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Current Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Research Methodology

7.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
7.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
7.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, Conflict Mapping, SWOC Grid
7.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
8.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
8.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
8.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Technology, Law, and Digital Governance
8.5 Emerging Technologies: SMS, Messaging Apps, Blockchain, AI

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition of Data Messages
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
10.2 Policy Recommendations for E-Commerce and Digital Governance
10.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
10.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
10.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
11.3 Closing Reflections on Data Messages in Bangladesh

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2412316185

JANNAT JAHAN URBITA

“Securing Electronic Communication: Evaluating the Legal Status of Data Messages under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Implications for Privacy and Cybersecurity”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study, research objectives, and methodology.
• Significance of legal recognition of data messages for privacy, cybersecurity, and digital governance.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Communication, Cybersecurity, Privacy, E-Commerce, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Electronic Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Legal Theories on Electronic Evidence and Communication
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory Framework Governing Data Messages in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code, 1860; E-Commerce Regulations; Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages and Electronic Communication
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonizing Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Decisions and Judicial Trends
5.3 Selected Decisions from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Cyber Law, Privacy, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Privacy and Cybersecurity Implications

6.1 Data Messages and Privacy Rights in Bangladesh
6.2 Cybersecurity Challenges and Legal Gaps
6.3 Policy Considerations: Digital Governance and Risk Mitigation
6.4 Emerging Technologies: Blockchain, Messaging Platforms, and AI
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Legal Framework on Privacy and Cybersecurity

Chapter VII: Research Methodology

7.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
7.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
7.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
7.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
8.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
8.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
8.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Privacy, and Governance
8.5 Emerging Issues in Digital Communication Security

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Protection of Data Messages
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislation
10.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity and Digital Privacy
10.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
10.4 Strengthening Institutional and Judicial Capacity
10.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
11.3 Closing Reflections on Securing Electronic Communication in Bangladesh

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages and privacy standards in international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2411116186

MUSTAKIM AHMED

“Digital Messaging and Legal Certainty: A Doctrinal and Policy Study of Data Messages under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of legal recognition of data messages for digital governance, e-commerce, and cybersecurity.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Digital Communication, Cyber Law, Legal Certainty, E-Commerce, Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Digital Messaging in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technical, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Legal Certainty and Doctrinal Principles in Electronic Communication
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory Framework Governing Data Messages

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Data Messages
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Recognition of Data Messages and Electronic Communication
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization with International Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Decisions from Bangladesh on Data Messages and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Cyber Law, and E-Commerce

Chapter VI: Policy and Governance Implications

6.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
6.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
6.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
6.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of the Legal and Policy Framework for Data Messages

Chapter VII: Research Methodology

7.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
7.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
7.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
7.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter VIII: Discussion and Analysis

8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
8.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
8.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
8.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
8.5 Emerging Issues in Digital Messaging and Legal Certainty

Chapter IX: Findings

9.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages
9.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
9.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
9.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter X: Recommendations

10.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
10.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, and Governance
10.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
10.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
10.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XI: Conclusion

11.1 Summary of Key Findings
11.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
11.3 Closing Reflections on Legal Certainty in Digital Messaging

Chapter XII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIII: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2412516187

MOST. NARGIS AKTER

“The Architecture of Electronic Communication: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Data Messages under Section 11 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study, objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of Section 11 in the legal, technological, and policy landscape of electronic communication in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Communication, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Privacy, E-Commerce

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Evolution of Electronic Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, Policy, and Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Theories of Electronic Evidence and Legal Recognition
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory Framework Governing Data Messages in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages and Electronic Communication
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonization with International Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Section 11 and Electronic Communication
5.2 Key Indian Decisions and Judicial Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Cyber Law, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Technological and Operational Dimensions

6.1 Architecture of Data Messages: From Telex to SMS and Instant Messaging
6.2 Electronic Communication Platforms and Emerging Technologies
6.3 Technical Standards and Protocols Relevant to Legal Recognition
6.4 Interoperability, Security, and Data Integrity Considerations
6.5 Impact of Emerging Technologies on Legal and Policy Frameworks

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 SWOC Analysis of Legal and Policy Framework on Data Messages

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
9.5 Emerging Challenges: Privacy, Security, and Digital Trust

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislation
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on the Architecture of Electronic Communication in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages and electronic communication under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2411016188

MD. SHORIFUL ISLAM

“Electronic Messages as Evidence: Challenges and Prospects in Recognizing Data Messages under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of data messages as legally recognized evidence in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Evidence, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Privacy, E-Commerce

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Electronic Messages and Evidence in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and Governance
2.3 Doctrinal Principles of Electronic Evidence
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory Framework Governing Data Messages in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Electronic Records and Data Messages
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code, 1860; E-Commerce Regulations; Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages as Evidence
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonizing Domestic Law with International Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Decisions and Judicial Trends
5.3 Selected Decisions from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Challenges in Recognizing Data Messages as Evidence

6.1 Legal Ambiguities in ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Related Legislation
6.2 Technological and Operational Challenges
6.3 Conflicts Across DSA, CSA, CPO, and Other Laws
6.4 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Current Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Legal and Policy Harmonization

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Conflicts and Gaps Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Issues in Electronic Communication and Evidence

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognizing Data Messages
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Electronic Messages as Evidence in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages as evidence under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2411016189

MD. SANJID HOSSAIN

“From Telegram to Instant Messaging: Jurisprudential and Policy Insights on Data Messages under the ICT Act, 2006 and Emerging Technologies in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of data messages in electronic communication, digital governance, and cybersecurity.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Instant Messaging, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, E-Commerce, Privacy

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Evolution: From Telegram to Instant Messaging
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Emerging Technology Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Theories of Electronic Evidence and Legal Certainty
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Data Messages and Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonizing Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages and Electronic Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Certainty, Cyber Law, and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Technological Evolution and Operational Dimensions

6.1 Transition from Traditional Communication (Telegram, Telex) to SMS and Instant Messaging
6.2 Electronic Communication Platforms and Emerging Technologies
6.3 Technical Standards, Security Protocols, and Legal Implications
6.4 Interoperability, Privacy, and Data Integrity Challenges
6.5 Impact of Emerging Technologies on Legal and Policy Frameworks

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 SWOC Analysis of Legal and Policy Framework on Data Messages

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Issues in Digital Messaging, Privacy, and Legal Certainty

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on the Evolution of Data Messages and Emerging Technologies in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2412316190

MOST. MASUMA AKTER

“Interdisciplinary Approaches to Digital Communication Law: A Critical Study of Data Messages under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in the Context of Cybersecurity and Privacy”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of data messages for digital communication, privacy, and cybersecurity.

Keywords: Data Message, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Privacy, Electronic Evidence, Digital Governance, E-Commerce

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background and Context: Digital Communication in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Emerging Technology Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Doctrinal Principles of Electronic Evidence and Legal Certainty
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Data Messages and Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Personal Data Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Harmonizing Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages, Cybersecurity, and Privacy
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Legal Certainty

Chapter VI: Challenges in Digital Communication and Legal Recognition

6.1 Legal Ambiguities in ICT Act, Evidence Act, and Related Legislation
6.2 Technological and Operational Challenges in Data Messaging
6.3 Conflicts Across DSA, CSA, CPO, and Other Laws
6.4 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.5 SWOC Analysis of the Current Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Legal and Policy Harmonization

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
9.5 Emerging Issues in Digital Messaging and Legal Certainty

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and Privacy
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Data Messages in the Context of Cybersecurity and Privacy

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents or reports

2411016191

TASNIM ALOM

“Data Messages and Digital Contracts: Evaluating Legal Recognition, Authenticity, and Security under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of data messages for digital contracts, legal recognition, and cybersecurity in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Data Messages, Digital Contracts, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Evidence, Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, Legal Authenticity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Contracts and Data Messages in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Data Messages and Digital Contracts: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and Contract Governance
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Electronic Evidence, Authenticity, and Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Data Messages and Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contract Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Electronic Messages and Digital Contracts
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Electronic Evidence Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages and Digital Contracts
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Doctrinal Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Authenticity, and Contract Enforcement

Chapter VI: Technological, Security, and Operational Considerations

6.1 Digital Messaging Platforms and Contract Execution
6.2 Authentication, Verification, and Data Integrity in Digital Contracts
6.3 Cybersecurity Challenges and Legal Implications
6.4 Interoperability and Emerging Technologies in Digital Communication
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Legal and Technological Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce and Digital Contract Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal and Policy Measures

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal and Technological Challenges in Digital Contract Enforcement
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and Contract Governance
9.5 Emerging Issues in Data Messages, Digital Contracts, and Legal Security

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages in Contracts
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Contracts, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Data Messages, Digital Contracts, and Emerging Technologies

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages in contracts under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410216192

DEBAJITH BHADRA

“Towards a Comprehensive Legal Framework for Electronic Communication: Reforming the Definition and Regulation of Data Messages under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 to Align with Global Cyber Law Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of reforming the legal definition and regulation of data messages for digital governance, cybersecurity, and e-commerce in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Data Messages, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Communication, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Privacy, E-Commerce

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Electronic Communication and Data Messaging
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and International Cyber Law Compliance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Data Messages’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Governance, and Cybersecurity
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Electronic Evidence, Legal Certainty, and Digital Authenticity
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 11 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Data Messages and Electronic Records
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: Penal Code 1860, E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts and Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Data Messages
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 GDPR, UNCITRAL, and Other International Guidelines on Electronic Evidence
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Cyber Law Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Data Messages and Electronic Communication
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Digital Governance, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Definition and Scope of Data Messages
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of the Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Law, Policy, and International Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 11 and Related Provisions
9.2 Reconciling National Law with International Standards
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges in Electronic Communication
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Data Messages
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Reforming Data Message Regulations in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition of data messages under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410216193

MD. YEAKUB MOLLAH

“Legal Recognition of Websites under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh: Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of legal recognition of websites for digital governance, cyber law, and e-commerce in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, E-Commerce, Legal Recognition, Electronic Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Growth of Digital Platforms and Websites in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Websites: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Electronic Evidence, Authenticity, and Legal Recognition
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions Affecting Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Website-Based Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts, Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Websites as Digital Entities
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Platform Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, and E-Commerce Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Websites, Cyber Law, and E-Commerce
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Digital Governance, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Definition and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges in Website Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal, Policy, and Technological Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition of Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges in Website Governance
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Websites
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Legal Recognition of Websites in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition and regulation of websites under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410816194

KHONDOKAR FARDIN ISLAM RAD

“From Digital Documents to Legal Artifacts: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Websites under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of websites as legal artifacts in Bangladesh’s cyber law, e-commerce, and digital governance frameworks.

Keywords: Websites, Digital Documents, ICT Act 2006, Electronic Evidence, Legal Recognition, Cyber Law, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Digital Documents and Websites in Legal Context
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding Websites as Digital and Legal Artifacts
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Electronic Evidence, Legal Recognition, and Authenticity
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Relevant Provisions for Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Website-Based Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts, Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition of Websites as Digital Entities
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Platform Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, and E-Commerce Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Websites and Digital Evidence
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Digital Governance, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Definition and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges in Website Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal, Policy, and Technological Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition of Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges in Website Governance
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Websites
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Websites as Legal Artifacts in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition and regulation of websites under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2412516195

LAMIA NOWSHIN NEHA

“The Jurisprudence of Online Presence: Evaluating the Legal Status, Ownership, and Security of Websites under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of legal recognition, ownership, and security of websites for cyber law, digital governance, and e-commerce in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, Online Presence, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Ownership, Electronic Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: The Growth of Online Platforms and Legal Importance of Websites
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Legal and Digital Entities
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Ownership, Legal Recognition, and Security of Websites
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions Affecting Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Website-Based Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts, Intellectual Property, Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Recognition and Ownership of Websites
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Platform Governance: International Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, and E-Commerce Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Websites, Ownership, and Security
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Status and Ownership of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges in Website Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal, Policy, and Technological Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition and Ownership of Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges in Website Governance
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition, Ownership, and Security of Websites
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Websites as Online Legal Artifacts

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition, ownership, and governance of websites under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410516196

MD. MILLAT JAHAN MISSION

“Websites as Legal Entities: Doctrinal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study: objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of recognizing websites as legal entities in Bangladesh’s cyber law, digital governance, and e-commerce landscape.

Keywords: Websites, Legal Entity, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Ownership, Electronic Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Websites and Their Legal Significance in the Digital Era
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Theory, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Legal and Digital Entities
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Governing Websites and Digital Communication
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Website-Based Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts, Intellectual Property, Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Legal Recognition of Websites as Digital Entities in International Jurisdictions
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Platform Governance: Global Legal Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, E-Commerce Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Websites as Legal Entities
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Status and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges in Website Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal, Policy, and Technological Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Recognizing Websites as Legal Entities
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges in Website Governance
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition and Governance of Websites
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Websites as Legal Entities in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition and governance of websites under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410716197

MD. ZIHABUR ISLAM

“Regulating the Digital Frontier: Legal and Governance Challenges of Websites under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study, objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of regulating websites for cyber law, e-commerce, and digital governance in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, Digital Governance, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Legal Recognition, Ownership, Electronic Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Expansion and the Rise of Websites
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of Study for Legal Theory, Policy, and Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Legal and Digital Entities
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Governing Websites and Digital Communication
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Website-Based Evidence
3.6 Other Relevant Laws: E-Commerce Regulations, Digital Contracts, Intellectual Property, Consumer Protection

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Legal Recognition and Governance of Websites in International Jurisdictions
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Platform Governance: Global Instruments
4.3 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, and E-Commerce Standards
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh: Aligning Domestic Law with Global Standards

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Landmark Bangladeshi Cases on Websites: Ownership, Security, and Legal Recognition
5.2 Key Indian Judicial Decisions and Trends
5.3 Selected Cases from USA, UK, and Pakistan
5.4 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.5 Implications for Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Cybersecurity

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in the Current Legal Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Status and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.3 Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges in Website Governance
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Digital Trade, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity and Data Governance Policies
7.4 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Emerging Technology Governance
7.5 Recommendations for Harmonization of Legal, Policy, and Technological Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Scope of Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal and Policy Framework on Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
9.3 Legal, Technological, and Governance Challenges in Website Regulation
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Cybersecurity, and E-Commerce
9.5 Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Reform

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Recognition, Ownership, and Security of Websites
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Practical Implications for Stakeholders

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Legislations
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Closing Reflections on Regulating the Digital Frontier

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, regulations, and national policy documents
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on recognition, ownership, and governance of websites under international law
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410316198

SHEIKH EZAZUL ISLAM UTPOL

“Digital Architecture and Legal Certainty: A Critical Study of Websites under the ICT Act, 2006 and their Role in Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, and Intellectual Property”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of websites in digital architecture, legal certainty, cybersecurity, e-commerce, and intellectual property in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, Digital Architecture, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, Intellectual Property, Legal Certainty

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Transformation and the Emergence of Websites
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of Study for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Digital and Legal Entities
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Cyber Law, Technology, E-Commerce, and IP
2.3 Doctrinal Principles: Legal Recognition, Ownership, and Digital Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Pertaining to Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Evidentiary Value of Websites
3.6 Intellectual Property Laws and Digital Copyrights
3.7 Other Relevant Legislations: E-Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Data Privacy

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Websites, Cybersecurity, and Digital Trade
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Platform Regulation
4.3 Comparative Study: India, USA, UK, EU, and Pakistan
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Harmonization in Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Websites, IP, and Cybersecurity
5.2 Landmark Indian and International Judicial Decisions
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.4 Implications for Legal Certainty and Digital Governance

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Legal and Policy Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in Legal Status, Ownership, and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, Evidence Act, and IP Laws
6.3 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological and Operational Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Laws and Policies

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT Policies and Digital Governance Frameworks
7.2 E-Commerce, Intellectual Property, and Consumer Protection Policies
7.3 Cybersecurity, Data Governance, and Digital Trade Policies
7.4 Governance of Emerging Technologies, Platforms, and Cryptocurrencies
7.5 Recommendations for Legal and Policy Harmonization

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition of Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across Statutory Provisions and Judicial Interpretations
9.3 Legal Certainty in Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, and IP Enforcement
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, Policy, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Issues and Future Directions

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Website Regulation
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisdictions
10.4 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and IP Protection

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Laws
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, and IP Governance
11.3 Harmonization with Global Legal and Technological Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional, Judicial, and Regulatory Capacity
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Technology Governance, and Policy
12.3 Closing Reflections on Digital Architecture and Legal Certainty

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policy documents, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions with proper citations (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of website regulation in Bangladesh and international jurisdictions
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2410616199

MD. PARVEJ MIAH

“Websites, Information Accessibility, and the Rule of Law: An Interdisciplinary Analysis under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of websites in promoting information accessibility, governance, and the rule of law in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, ICT Act 2006, Information Accessibility, Rule of Law, Cyber Law, E-Governance, Digital Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Transformation, Websites, and Information Accessibility
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Digital and Legal Entities
2.2 Information Accessibility and Digital Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Rule of Law and Cyber Legal Principles
2.5 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Recognition and Regulation of Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Online Information
3.6 E-Commerce, Intellectual Property, and Data Privacy Regulations
3.7 Other Relevant National Laws and Policy Documents

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Cyber Governance and Websites
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Platform Regulation
4.3 Comparative Study: India, USA, UK, EU, Pakistan
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Implications for Harmonization in Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Websites and Digital Governance
5.2 Landmark Indian, Pakistani, UK, and US Cases
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.4 Implications for Information Accessibility, Digital Rights, and Rule of Law

Chapter VI: Challenges and Gaps in Legal and Policy Framework

6.1 Ambiguities in the Legal Status and Recognition of Websites
6.2 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, Evidence Act, and IP Laws
6.3 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Data Integrity Concerns
6.4 Technological, Operational, and Governance Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Existing Laws and Policies

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 National ICT and E-Governance Policies
7.2 Digital Governance, Open Data, and Access to Information
7.3 Cybersecurity, E-Commerce, and Intellectual Property Policies
7.4 Global Best Practices and Lessons for Bangladesh
7.5 Recommendations for Legal and Policy Harmonization

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition of Websites
9.2 Conflicts Across Statutory Provisions and Judicial Interpretations
9.3 Role of Websites in Promoting Information Accessibility and Rule of Law
9.4 Interdisciplinary Implications: Law, Technology, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Issues and Future Challenges

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Website Regulation
10.2 Judicial and Administrative Insights
10.3 Lessons from Comparative Jurisdictions
10.4 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Information Accessibility

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Complementary Laws
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Information Accessibility, Cybersecurity, and Digital Rights
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Strengthening Institutional and Judicial Capacity
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship, Digital Governance, and Cyber Law
12.3 Final Reflections on Websites, Rule of Law, and Information Accessibility

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policy documents, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of website regulation and digital governance
• Extracts from national policy documents, reports, or technical standards

2412116200

SABRINA SHAHREEN

“From Server to Courtroom: Legal and Evidentiary Implications of Websites under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Significance of websites as legal and evidentiary entities in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Websites, ICT Act 2006, Digital Evidence, Cyber Law, E-Commerce, Cybersecurity, Rule of Law

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Communication, Websites, and Legal Recognition
1.2 Research Problem and Key Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Websites as Legal Entities and Digital Artifacts
2.2 Theoretical Perspectives: Cyber Law, Evidence, and Governance
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Status of Websites
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Online Information
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Regulations
3.7 Complementary Laws and National Policy Documents

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Website Governance
4.2 Cryptocurrency Regulation and Online Platforms
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Implications for Bangladesh’s Legal Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Websites and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Case Studies: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Judicial Reasoning
5.4 Evidentiary Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Governance

Chapter VI: Evidentiary Challenges in Recognizing Websites

6.1 Legal Recognition of Websites as Evidence
6.2 Authenticity, Integrity, and Reliability Issues
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 Technological and Procedural Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Evidentiary Framework

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 Digital Governance and E-Governance Policies
7.2 Cybersecurity and Data Protection Policies
7.3 Open Data, Information Accessibility, and Rule of Law
7.4 Recommendations for Harmonization with Global Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Reports, Scholarly Articles
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Website Recognition under ICT Act
9.2 Conflicts Across Statutory Provisions and Judicial Interpretations
9.3 Evidentiary Value of Websites in Courts and Digital Governance
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy
9.5 Emerging Issues and Future Challenges

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Legal and Policy Gaps in Website Regulation and Evidence
10.2 Lessons from Judicial Interpretations and Comparative Jurisdictions
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Digital Governance

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: ICT Act, 2006 and Related Laws
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Digital Evidence and Cybersecurity
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity Building
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Digital Evidence, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Websites, Courts, and Rule of Law

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policy documents, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international website and digital evidence standards
• Excerpts from policy documents, technical guidelines, or reports

2411116201

MD. SANAULLAH

“The Legal Life of a Website: Evaluating Section 12 of the ICT Act, 2006 in the Context of Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Importance of Section 12 of the ICT Act, 2006 for digital governance and online rights

Keywords: Website, ICT Act 2006, Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, Governance, E-Commerce, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Communication, Websites, and Legal Recognition
1.2 Research Problem and Core Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Limitations, and Relevance
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Websites: Legal and Technological Perspectives
2.2 Websites as Digital Artifacts and Legal Entities
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: Statutory and Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Status and Section 12 Analysis
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Online Information and Admissibility
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Regulations
3.7 Complementary National Policy Documents

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Websites and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Online Transactions, and Platform Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Websites and Digital Rights
5.2 Comparative Cases: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Section 12 Interpretations
5.4 Evidentiary and Governance Implications

Chapter VI: Legal and Evidentiary Challenges

6.1 Recognition of Websites as Legal Entities
6.2 Authenticity, Integrity, and Reliability of Digital Content
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 Technological and Procedural Challenges
6.5 SWOC Analysis of Website Regulation under Section 12

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 Digital Rights and Cybersecurity Policies
7.2 E-Governance and Online Service Regulation
7.3 Information Accessibility, Transparency, and Rule of Law
7.4 Harmonization with Global Cyber Law Standards

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Sources of Data: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Reports, Scholarly Articles
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 12
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary Value of Websites in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy
9.5 Emerging Issues and Future Challenges

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal and Policy Frameworks
10.2 Judicial Lessons and Comparative Insights
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, E-Commerce, and Governance

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Section 12 and Related Statutes
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Digital Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Websites, Courts, and Rule of Law

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for website governance
• Excerpts from policy documents, technical guidelines, or reports

2412216202

MITI HOWLADER

“Towards a Robust Legal Framework for Online Presence: Reforming the Definition and Regulation of Websites under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in Light of Global Cyber Law Practices”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Importance of defining and regulating websites for legal certainty, cybersecurity, and e-governance

Keywords: Website, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Online Presence, E-Commerce, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Online Presence and Legal Recognition of Websites
1.2 Research Problem and Core Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Limitations, and Relevance
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Websites: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Websites as Digital Artifacts and Legal Entities
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 12 and Overall Framework
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Digital Content
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Regulations
3.7 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Websites and Online Presence
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Digital Platform Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Lessons and Best Practices for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Websites and Online Presence
5.2 Comparative Cases: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Section 12 and Related Provisions
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Governance Implications

Chapter VI: Challenges in Legal Recognition and Regulation

6.1 Legal and Doctrinal Challenges
6.2 Technological and Procedural Obstacles
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Website Regulation
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
7.2 E-Governance, Service Regulation, and Public Accountability
7.3 Information Accessibility, Transparency, and Rule of Law
7.4 Aligning National Frameworks with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Framework
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Regulatory Issues in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy
9.5 Emerging Challenges and Future Risks

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Regulation
10.2 Comparative Insights and Lessons
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Redefining and Regulating Websites
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Areas for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Policy-Making
12.3 Final Reflections on Online Presence, Websites, and Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for website governance
• Excerpts from policy documents or technical guidelines

2410816203

MD. NAZMUL HAQUE

“Legal and Technological Dimensions of Computers: A Critical Analysis of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Implications for Cyber Law and Digital Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research aims, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of computers in legal, technological, and governance contexts

Keywords: Computers, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Digital Evidence, E-Commerce, Privacy

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers and Legal Recognition in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Core Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope, Limitations, and Relevance
1.5 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Computers: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Computers as Tools and Legal Entities
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Regulatory Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Sections on Computers and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Digital and Computer-Generated Evidence
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Regulations
3.7 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Computers and Digital Governance
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Digital Platform Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Lessons and Best Practices for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Computers and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Cases: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of ICT Act Provisions Related to Computers
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Governance Implications

Chapter VI: Challenges in Legal Recognition and Regulation

6.1 Legal and Doctrinal Challenges
6.2 Technological and Procedural Obstacles
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Computer Regulation
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Policy and Governance Implications

7.1 Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
7.2 E-Governance, Service Regulation, and Public Accountability
7.3 Information Accessibility, Transparency, and Rule of Law
7.4 Aligning National Frameworks with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Case Law, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Framework
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Regulatory Issues in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy
9.5 Emerging Challenges and Future Risks

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Regulation of Computers
10.2 Comparative Insights and Lessons
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Redefining and Regulating Computers
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Areas for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contribution to Legal Scholarship and Policy-Making
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers, ICT Law, and Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for computer regulation
• Excerpts from policy documents or technical guidelines

2410616204

RAKIBUL HASAN RABBI

“From Hardware to Law: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Definition of ‘Computer’ under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of defining “computer” in legal, technological, and governance contexts

Keywords: Computer, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, E-Evidence, Digital Rights

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers in Law and Technology
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Scholarship and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’: Technological, Legal, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Historical Evolution of the Computer Concept in Law
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approaches: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definitions and Key Provisions Concerning Computers
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Generated Records
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Laws
3.7 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Computers and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Computer Regulation
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Computers and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Cases from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of ICT Act Provisions Relating to Computers
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Policy Implications

Chapter VI: Challenges and Conflicts in Definition and Regulation

6.1 Doctrinal and Legal Challenges
6.2 Technological and Operational Complexities
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Computer Definition and Regulation
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Policy, Governance, and Cybersecurity Implications

7.1 Digital Rights, Cybersecurity, and Governance
7.2 E-Governance, Regulatory Oversight, and Public Accountability
7.3 Information Accessibility, Transparency, and Rule of Law
7.4 Aligning National Frameworks with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Definition of Computer
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Regulatory Issues in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Digital Regulation

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Regulation of Computers
10.2 Comparative Insights and Lessons
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying and Updating the Definition of Computer
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Cybersecurity, Digital Rights, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship and Policy-Making
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers, ICT Law, and Digital Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for computer regulation
• Excerpts from technical or policy guidelines

2412416205

SADIA JANNAT

“The Jurisprudence of Computing: Evaluating Legal Recognition, Liability, and Governance of Computers under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of computers in law, governance, and cybersecurity

Keywords: Computer, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Legal Liability, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers and the Legal Landscape
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Cyber Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’: Technological, Legal, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Historical and Jurisprudential Evolution of Computing Law
2.3 Interdisciplinary Approaches: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework Governing Computers

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Computers
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Generated Records
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Laws
3.7 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Computing and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and the Role of Computers
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards and Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD
4.5 Lessons and Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Computers and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of ICT Act Provisions Relating to Computers
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Liability Implications

Chapter VI: Challenges and Conflicts in Legal Recognition and Liability

6.1 Doctrinal and Legal Challenges
6.2 Technological and Operational Complexities
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Legal Recognition and Liability of Computers
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Rights

7.1 Digital Governance and Regulatory Oversight
7.2 Cybersecurity and Risk Management
7.3 Legal Accountability and Liability of Computer Use
7.4 Rights, Privacy, and Digital Ethics
7.5 Aligning National Frameworks with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Legal Recognition
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Liability Issues in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Digital Regulation

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Liability of Computers
10.2 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisprudence
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Recognition and Liability of Computers
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Cybersecurity, Digital Rights, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers, Law, and Digital Accountability

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for computing regulation
• Excerpts from technical or policy guidelines

2410616206

SUBBROTH SARKAR

“Computers as Legal and Technological Artifacts: Doctrinal and Policy Implications under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of computers as both technological and legal artifacts

Keywords: Computers, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Legal Liability, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers in Legal and Technological Context
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Cyber Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Historical and Jurisprudential Development
2.3 Computers as Legal and Technological Artifacts
2.4 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.5 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework Governing Computers

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Computers
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Generated Records
3.6 Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, and Privacy Laws
3.7 National Policy Documents on Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Computing and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Legal Recognition of Computing Artifacts
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards and Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Computers and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of ICT Act Provisions Relating to Computers
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Liability Implications

Chapter VI: Legal Challenges and Conflicts

6.1 Doctrinal and Legal Challenges in Recognizing Computers
6.2 Technological and Operational Complexities
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Legal Recognition and Liability
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Rights

7.1 Digital Governance and Regulatory Oversight
7.2 Cybersecurity and Risk Management
7.3 Legal Accountability and Liability of Computer Use
7.4 Digital Rights, Privacy, and Ethical Considerations
7.5 Alignment with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Legal Recognition
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Liability Issues in Courts
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Digital Regulation

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Liability of Computers
10.2 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisprudence
10.3 Implications for Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and E-Commerce

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Recognition and Liability
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Cybersecurity, Digital Rights, and Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers as Legal and Technological Artifacts

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts on international standards for computing regulation
• Excerpts from technical or policy guidelines

2410316207

MD. ABUBAKR MILON

“Regulating Digital Infrastructure: A Critical Study of the Definition of Computer under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Relevance to Cybersecurity and E-Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of defining ‘computer’ in legal and governance contexts

Keywords: Computer, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, E-Governance, Digital Infrastructure, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers as Core of Digital Infrastructure
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Cyber Law, Policy, and Digital Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Understanding ‘Computer’: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
2.2 Evolution of the Definition in Bangladesh and Comparative Jurisdictions
2.3 Computers as Digital Infrastructure and Legal Entities
2.4 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and E-Governance
2.5 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 2(j) and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Based Evidence
3.6 E-Governance, Intellectual Property, and Privacy Regulations
3.7 National Policies and Guidelines on Digital Infrastructure and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: Comparative and International Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Computers and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency Governance and Regulatory Implications
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards and Guidelines: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal and Regulatory Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Court Decisions on Computers and Digital Evidence
5.2 Case Analysis from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Legal Recognition under ICT Act
5.4 Evidentiary, Regulatory, and Liability Implications

Chapter VI: Legal and Technological Challenges

6.1 Doctrinal Conflicts and Legal Ambiguities
6.2 Technological Complexities in Defining ‘Computer’
6.3 Overlaps and Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Legal Recognition and Liability
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Cybersecurity and E-Governance Implications

7.1 Digital Governance and Regulatory Oversight
7.2 Cybersecurity Risks and Mitigation Measures
7.3 Legal Accountability and Liability in Digital Infrastructure
7.4 Role of Computers in E-Governance and Public Administration
7.5 Alignment with Global Cyber Law Practices

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Legal Recognition
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Liability Issues in Judicial Practice
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Governance
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Digital Regulation

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in the Legal Definition of ‘Computer’
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity and E-Governance
10.3 Lessons from Comparative Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Considerations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computers
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Governance Integration
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Regulating Digital Infrastructure

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards for computing and cybersecurity
• Technical or policy guideline excerpts

2410616208

MD. AL AMIN ISLAM

“Computers, Networks, and the Law: Interdisciplinary Insights into Section 13 of the ICT Act, 2006 and Its Role in Cyber Law Enforcement”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of Section 13 in regulating computers and networks for cyber law enforcement

Keywords: Computers, Networks, ICT Act 2006, Section 13, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers and Networks in the Digital Era
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Cybersecurity, Legal Enforcement, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’ and ‘Network’ under ICT Act 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Approach: Law, Technology, and Cyber Governance
2.3 Theoretical Foundations of Cyber Law Enforcement
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Section 13 and Related Provisions
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer- and Network-Based Evidence
3.6 E-Governance and Digital Governance Regulations
3.7 National Policies and Guidelines on Cybersecurity and Digital Networks

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Computers, Networks, and Digital Platforms
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Network Regulation: Comparative Implications
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, WIPO, OECD
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Cyber Law Enforcement

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Bangladeshi Court Decisions Related to Section 13 and Networked Systems
5.2 Comparative Cases from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis of Legal Recognition and Enforcement
5.4 Evidentiary, Liability, and Regulatory Implications

Chapter VI: Legal and Technological Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Defining ‘Computer’ and ‘Network’
6.2 Technological Complexities Affecting Enforcement
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Section 13 in Enforcement Context
6.5 Conflict Mapping and Policy Gaps

Chapter VII: Cybersecurity and Enforcement Implications

7.1 Role of Section 13 in Digital Governance
7.2 Cybersecurity Risks, Legal Liability, and Mitigation
7.3 Enforcement Challenges in E-Governance and Digital Infrastructure
7.4 Alignment with Global Cybersecurity and Network Regulations
7.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 13 Implementation
9.2 Conflicts and Overlaps Across Related Laws
9.3 Evidentiary and Liability Issues in Judicial Practice
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Cyber Law Enforcement

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Scope of Section 13
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity and E-Governance
10.3 Lessons from Comparative Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Considerations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Section 13 and Related Provisions
11.2 Policy Recommendations: Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and Enforcement Integration
11.3 Alignment with International Cyber Law Practices
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Regulating Computers and Networks in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards for computers, networks, and cybersecurity
• Technical or policy guideline excerpts

2412416209

MST. RIMU AKTER

“Legal Recognition of Computational Systems: Evaluating Computers under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in Light of Emerging Technologies and AI Integration”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Importance of legal recognition of computers and AI-integrated systems in Bangladesh

Keywords: Computers, AI, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cyber Law, Emerging Technologies

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computational Systems, AI, and Digital Transformation
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance for Cyber Law, AI Governance, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’ under ICT Act, 2006 and Related Legislation
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and AI Integration
2.3 Legal Theories on Recognition, Liability, and Governance of Computational Systems
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definitions, Scope, and Section Analysis
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018) and Computational Systems
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer and AI-Generated Evidence
3.6 National Policies and Guidelines on AI, Computational Systems, and E-Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Computational Systems and AI Governance
4.2 Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Computational Systems Regulation
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, ISO/IEC, WIPO
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Regulatory and Legal Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computers, Networks, and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Issues
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Technological and Legal Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Defining ‘Computer’ in the AI Era
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Regulatory Gaps
6.3 Conflicts Between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis of Legal Recognition of Computational Systems
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Existing Laws

Chapter VII: Cybersecurity, AI, and Governance Implications

7.1 Legal and Regulatory Role of Computers in Digital Governance
7.2 AI-Integrated Systems: Security, Liability, and Accountability
7.3 Enforcement Challenges in Cybersecurity and E-Governance
7.4 Alignment with Global AI and Cybersecurity Standards
7.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Legal and Institutional Framework

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses in the Recognition of Computational Systems
9.2 Conflicts Across Laws and Policies
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Regulatory Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
9.5 Emerging Challenges with AI Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Scope of Computational Systems
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, AI Governance, and Digital Infrastructure
10.3 Lessons from Comparative Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Considerations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definitions and Scope in ICT Act, 2006
11.2 Policy Recommendations: AI Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Infrastructure
11.3 Alignment with International Standards and Best Practices
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Policy, and Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Computational Systems and AI in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international AI and computational system standards
• Technical or policy guideline excerpts

2410616210

MD. TORIKUL ISLAM

“From Electronic Impulses to Legal Accountability: The Definition of Computers under the ICT Act, 2006 and Its Implications for Digital Evidence and Cybersecurity”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of legally defining ‘computer’ in the context of digital evidence and cybersecurity

Keywords: Computer, ICT Act 2006, Digital Evidence, Cybersecurity, AI, Cyber Law, Legal Accountability

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers, Digital Transactions, and Cybersecurity in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Questions
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of the Study for Law, Technology, and Governance

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’ under the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Digital Evidence
2.3 Theoretical Approaches to Legal Recognition and Liability
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definitions, Scope, and Section Analysis
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018) and its Application to Computers
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Generated Digital Evidence
3.6 National Policy Documents on Cybersecurity, AI, and E-Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Digital Evidence, AI, and Cybersecurity
4.2 Regulation of Computational Systems and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, ISO/IEC, WIPO
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computers, Networks, and Digital Evidence
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Issues
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal and Technological Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition of ‘Computer’ in the ICT Act, 2006
6.2 Emerging Technologies and AI Integration
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Existing Laws

Chapter VII: Cybersecurity and Digital Evidence Implications

7.1 Legal and Regulatory Role of Computers in Digital Governance
7.2 Digital Evidence: Collection, Authentication, and Admissibility
7.3 AI-Integrated Systems and Legal Accountability
7.4 Alignment with Global Cybersecurity Standards
7.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations of the Study

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Strengths and Weaknesses in the Recognition of Computers
9.2 Conflicts Across Legal Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Regulatory Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Legal, Technological, and Policy Perspectives
9.5 Emerging Challenges in Cybersecurity and AI Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Gaps in Legal Recognition and Scope of Computers
10.2 Implications for Digital Evidence and Cybersecurity
10.3 Lessons from Comparative Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Considerations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definitions and Scope in ICT Act, 2006
11.2 Policy Recommendations for AI, Digital Evidence, and Cybersecurity
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional and Judicial Capacity-Building
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship, Cybersecurity Policy, and Digital Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers and Legal Accountability

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards for computers, AI, and cybersecurity
• Excerpts from technical or policy guidelines

2412516211

AISHWARJA MONDAL

“The Architecture of Digital Governance: A Critical Appraisal of Computers as Defined in Section 13 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key insights
• Significance of Section 13 in regulating computers and supporting digital governance

Keywords: Computers, ICT Act 2006, Section 13, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Digital Evidence, Legal Accountability

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers in Digital Governance and Cybersecurity
1.2 Research Problem and Rationale
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of the Study for Legal, Technological, and Policy Discourses

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’ under Section 13 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Legal, Technological, and Governance Dimensions
2.3 Theoretical Approaches to Legal Recognition and Liability
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Definitions, Provisions, and Section 13 Analysis
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility of Computer-Generated Records
3.6 National Policies on Digital Governance, AI, and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments: Digital Evidence, AI, and Cybersecurity Governance
4.2 Regulation of Computational Systems and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, ISO/IEC, WIPO
4.5 Lessons for Strengthening Bangladesh’s Legal and Regulatory Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Interpreting Section 13 and Related Provisions
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, and USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal and Technological Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition of ‘Computer’ under Section 13
6.2 Integration of Emerging Technologies and AI
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Legal Gaps, Overlaps, and Regulatory Bottlenecks

Chapter VII: Implications for Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

7.1 Legal and Regulatory Role of Computers in Digital Governance
7.2 Cybersecurity Challenges in ICT Infrastructure
7.3 Admissibility and Integrity of Digital Evidence
7.4 Aligning Bangladesh’s Legal Framework with Global Standards
7.5 Recommendations for Strengthening Institutional and Legal Mechanisms

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Gaps in Section 13
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Integration
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Cybersecurity

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 13
10.2 Implications for Digital Governance and Cybersecurity
10.3 Comparative Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying the Definition and Scope of Computers
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity and AI Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal Scholarship and Digital Governance
12.3 Final Reflections on Section 13, Computers, and Cyber Law Enforcement

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international legal standards for computers and AI integration
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2411016212

MD. LOTIFUR RAHMAN

“Computers, Law, and Society: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Legal, Technological, and Policy Implications under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research aims, methodology, and significance
• Contextualizing computers in law, policy, and society

Keywords: Computers, ICT Act 2006, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Legal Recognition, Digital Evidence, Policy

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computers in Contemporary Society and Digital Governance
1.2 Research Problem and Significance
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer’ under Section 13 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.3 Theories of Legal Recognition, Liability, and Digital Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Definitions and Section 13 Analysis
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Computer-Generated Records
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Governance, AI, and Cybersecurity

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments: Digital Evidence, AI Integration, and Cybersecurity
4.2 Regulation of Computational Systems and Cryptocurrency Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: UNCITRAL, GDPR, ISO/IEC, WIPO
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal and Regulatory Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Section 13 and Related Provisions
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities and Gaps in the Definition of ‘Computer’
6.2 Integration of Emerging Technologies and AI
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Bottlenecks and Overlaps

Chapter VII: Implications for Society, Cybersecurity, and Governance

7.1 Legal Recognition of Computers in Digital Governance
7.2 Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection
7.3 Digital Evidence: Admissibility, Integrity, and Accountability
7.4 Societal Impacts: Access, Rights, and Responsibilities
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Legal Reform and Institutional Strengthening

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Gaps in Section 13
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Digital Infrastructure

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 13
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Comparative Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying the Definition and Scope of Computers
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity and AI Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Final Reflections on Computers, Law, and Society in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international legal standards
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2412516213

NAHIAN TASFIA NEONTA

“Legal and Technological Dimensions of Computer Networks: A Critical Analysis of Section 14 under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and Its Implications for Cyber Law and Digital Governance”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, significance, and methodology
• Contextualizing computer networks in law, policy, and society

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Digital Evidence, Policy, Cybersecurity

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Computer Networks in Bangladesh’s Digital Infrastructure
1.2 Research Problem and Significance
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.3 Theoretical Approaches: Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Network Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions Related to Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Network-Generated Digital Records
3.6 National Policy Documents: Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Network Regulation

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
4.2 Regulation of Computational Networks in Cryptocurrency Governance
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Strengthening Bangladesh’s Legal and Regulatory Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions Interpreting Section 14 and Related Provisions
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Technological Advances and Emerging Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Regulation

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity, Governance, and Society

7.1 Legal Recognition and Regulatory Oversight of Computer Networks
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence from Network Sources: Admissibility, Integrity, and Accountability
7.4 Societal Impacts: Rights, Access, and Digital Responsibility
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Effective Network Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Regulatory Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Digital Networks

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 14
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Comparative Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Final Reflections on Computer Networks, Law, and Society in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international legal standards
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2411016214

MD. SAJIB MIA

“From LAN to Global Connectivity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Definition of Computer Networks under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, scope, and significance
• Contextualizing computer networks in law, technology, and governance

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks in Bangladesh
1.2 Research Problem and Significance
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.3 Theoretical Approaches: Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Network Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Network-Generated Digital Records
3.6 National Policies: Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Network Regulation

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Cybersecurity and Computer Networks
4.2 Regulatory Frameworks for Cryptocurrency and Networked Systems
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Strengthening Bangladesh’s Legal and Regulatory Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions Interpreting Section 14 and Related Provisions
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Implications of Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Technological Advancements and Emerging Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps and Gaps in Regulation

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity, Governance, and Society

7.1 Legal Recognition and Regulatory Oversight of Computer Networks
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence from Network Sources: Admissibility, Integrity, and Accountability
7.4 Societal Impacts: Rights, Access, and Digital Responsibility
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Effective Network Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Regulatory Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Networks

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 14
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Comparative Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Recommendations for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Final Reflections on Computer Networks, Law, and Society in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international legal standards
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2412116215

JINNAT AKTER JERIN

“Regulating Interconnected Systems: Legal, Policy, and Technological Insights into Computer Networks under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the research objectives and scope
• Significance of computer networks in law, governance, and technology

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Interconnected Systems and Digital Infrastructure in Bangladesh
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions
2.3 Theoretical Approaches: Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Network Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions on Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Network-Generated Digital Records
3.6 National Policies: Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Cybersecurity and Network Governance
4.2 Cryptocurrency and Interconnected Systems: International Regulatory Approaches
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions Interpreting Section 14 and Related Provisions
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Doctrinal Analysis: Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Implications Derived from Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Technological Advancements and Emerging Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity, Governance, and Society

7.1 Regulatory Oversight and Legal Recognition of Computer Networks
7.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence: Admissibility, Integrity, and Accountability
7.4 Societal Impacts: Rights, Access, and Digital Responsibility
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Effective Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Regulatory Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 14
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Final Reflections on Interconnected Systems, Law, and Society in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international legal standards
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2411016216

MD. MAHMUD AL NAHIAN

“The Jurisprudence of Networked Systems: Evaluating Legal Recognition, Security, and Governance of Computer Networks under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Summary of the research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance of networked systems in law, governance, and cybersecurity

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cyber Law, Digital Governance, Cybersecurity, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: The Rise of Networked Systems in Bangladesh
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Networked Systems
2.3 Theoretical Approaches: Cyber Law, Digital Governance, and Network Security
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Relevant Provisions on Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Network-Based Digital Evidence
3.6 National Policies: Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and E-Governance

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cybersecurity
4.2 Regulatory Approaches for Cryptocurrencies and Digital Networks
4.3 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.4 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.5 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Networked Systems Governance

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Insights Derived from Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Security Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity, Governance, and Society

7.1 Legal Recognition and Oversight of Networked Systems
7.2 Cybersecurity Challenges and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence: Admissibility, Integrity, and Accountability
7.4 Societal Impact: Rights, Access, and Responsibilities
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Enhanced Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition for Networks
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Reflections on Networked Systems, Law, and Governance in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards and best practices
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2410116217

MD. REZAUL KARIM

“Computer Networks, Cybersecurity, and Legal Accountability: An Interdisciplinary Examination under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and significance
• Key insights on computer networks, cybersecurity, and legal accountability

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Legal Accountability, Digital Governance, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks and Cyber Law in Bangladesh
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Definition and Scope of ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Networked Systems
2.3 Interdisciplinary Theoretical Approaches: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions on Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policy Documents: Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Digital Infrastructure

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cryptocurrency Regulation
4.2 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.4 Lessons and Policy Implications for Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Insights Derived from Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity and Governance

7.1 Legal Recognition and Oversight of Networked Systems
7.2 Cybersecurity Challenges and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Admissibility, and Legal Accountability
7.4 Societal Impact: Rights, Access, and Responsibilities
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Enhanced Network Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition for Networks
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Reflections on Networked Systems, Cybersecurity, and Accountability in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards and best practices
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2412316218

TAIEBA TABASSUM

“From Wireless to Wired: Legal and Policy Implications of Computer Networks under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006 in the Era of Digital Transformation”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Research objectives, methodology, and significance
• Key insights on computer networks, cybersecurity, and digital governance

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Digital Transformation, Legal Accountability, Digital Evidence

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Definition and Scope of ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Networked Systems
2.3 Interdisciplinary Theoretical Approaches: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Landscape

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Key Provisions on Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policy Documents: E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Infrastructure

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cryptocurrency
4.2 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Policy and Regulatory Implications

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Policy Insights Derived from Judicial Decisions

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Regulatory Overlaps and Gaps

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance

7.1 Legal Recognition and Oversight of Networked Systems
7.2 Cybersecurity Challenges and Network Resilience
7.3 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Admissibility, and Legal Accountability
7.4 Societal Impact: Rights, Access, and Responsibilities
7.5 Policy Recommendations for Improved Governance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Gaps in Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Society
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Legal Recognition for Networks
10.2 Implications for Governance, Cybersecurity, and Society
10.3 Lessons from Global Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices and Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Reflections on Networked Systems, Cybersecurity, and Accountability in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards and best practices
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2410616219

KAZI MAHDI AIMAN

“Networks in Law and Technology: Evaluating Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006 for Cybersecurity, Data Protection, and Digital Governance in Bangladesh”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Relevance to cybersecurity, data protection, and digital governance

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Data Protection, Digital Governance, Legal Accountability

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks and Digital Governance in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of the Study

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Definition and Scope of ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.3 Key Concepts in Cybersecurity, Data Protection, and Networked Systems
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Relating to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Integrity of Digital Evidence
3.6 National Policy Documents: Digital Bangladesh, E-Governance, and Cybersecurity Policies

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cryptocurrency
4.2 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.4 Implications for Policy and Legal Reform in Bangladesh

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computer Networks, Cybersecurity, and Data Protection
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Lessons for Regulatory and Judicial Practices

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition of Computer Networks
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping: Overlaps, Gaps, and Regulatory Incoherence

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity and Data Protection

7.1 Legal Recognition and Governance of Networked Systems
7.2 Network Security and Cybercrime Mitigation
7.3 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Admissibility, and Accountability
7.4 Data Protection Challenges in the Context of ICT Act Framework
7.5 Policy Insights for Digital Governance and Cybersecurity

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, and Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy and Interpretative Challenges of Section 14
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and Policy Instruments
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Intersections
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Section 14 in Ensuring Cybersecurity and Data Protection
10.2 Implications for Digital Governance and Networked Systems
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Jurisprudence
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity, Data Protection, and Digital Governance
11.3 Alignment with International Best Practices
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Reflections on Networked Systems, Digital Governance, and Accountability in Bangladesh

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of international standards and best practices
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2412016220

ANAMIKA RANI

“Legal Challenges of Interconnected Systems: A Critical Study of Computer Networks under the ICT Act, 2006 and Their Relevance to National and Global Cyber Law”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives and methodology
• Summary of key findings and relevance to cybersecurity and digital governance

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, Legal Accountability, Interconnected Systems

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks and Interconnected Systems in Bangladesh
1.2 Problem Statement and Research Gap
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Significance of the Study for National and Global Cyber Law

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining ‘Computer Networks’ under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Governance
2.3 Key Concepts in Cybersecurity, Digital Connectivity, and Data Protection
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, and Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Provisions Related to Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policies on E-Governance, Cybersecurity, and Digital Infrastructure

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cryptocurrency
4.2 Comparative Jurisprudence: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL, WIPO Guidelines
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Computer Networks and Digital Governance
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, UK, USA
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Evidentiary Implications
5.4 Implications for Cybersecurity, Digital Evidence, and Governance

Chapter VI: Legal and Technological Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities and Gaps in the Definition of Computer Networks
6.2 Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity Threats
6.3 Conflicts Across ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping Across National and Global Legal Instruments

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity and Digital Governance

7.1 Legal Recognition and Governance of Interconnected Systems
7.2 Network Security, Cybercrime Mitigation, and Accountability
7.3 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Admissibility, and Evidentiary Value
7.4 Policy Insights for Strengthening National Cybersecurity and Compliance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy of Section 14 in Addressing Interconnected Systems
9.2 Conflicts Across National Laws and International Cyber Norms
9.3 Evidentiary, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Intersections
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, IoT, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Legal Frameworks
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, Data Protection, and Digital Governance
10.3 Comparative Lessons from Global Legal Practices
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Insights for Bangladesh

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms: Clarifying the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and Data Protection
11.3 Harmonization with International Legal Standards
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Reflections on Interconnected Systems, Governance, and Cyber Law Compliance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, policies, and international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, and legal commentaries

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of national and international network regulations
• Excerpts from technical and policy guidelines

2410616221

S. M. SALMAN SAMI

“Towards Secure Digital Infrastructures: Legal, Technological, and Policy Dimensions of Computer Networks under Bangladesh’s ICT Act, 2006”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of the study, research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Relevance to cybersecurity, digital governance, and policy-making

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Digital Infrastructure, Legal Accountability, E-Governance

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Evolution of Computer Networks in Bangladesh
1.2 Digital Transformation and Emerging Cybersecurity Challenges
1.3 Problem Statement and Research Gap
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study for National and International Cyber Law

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Computer Networks under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Law, Technology, and Policy
2.3 Cybersecurity, Digital Infrastructure, and Data Protection Concepts
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Recognition and Governance of Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility of Digital Evidence
3.6 National Policies on Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Digital Infrastructure

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Network Governance and Cryptocurrency
4.2 Comparative Cyber Law: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 International Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL Guidelines
4.4 Lessons for Strengthening Bangladesh’s Legal Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Related to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, USA, UK
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Digital Evidence Implications
5.4 Insights on Governance and Compliance

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities and Gaps in the Definition of Computer Networks
6.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Emerging Technologies
6.3 Conflicts Between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping Across National and Global Legal Instruments

Chapter VII: Implications for Secure Digital Infrastructure

7.1 Governance and Legal Recognition of Networked Systems
7.2 Cybersecurity Strategies and Legal Accountability
7.3 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Authentication, and Admissibility
7.4 Policy Measures for Strengthening Digital Infrastructure and Compliance

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Legal Adequacy of Section 14 and Related Provisions
9.2 Interplay Between National and International Cyber Law
9.3 Liability, Compliance, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Convergence
9.5 Future Challenges: AI, IoT, Cloud, and Global Network Integration

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Legal and Policy Frameworks
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, and Data Protection
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Practices
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Insights for Bangladesh

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms for Clarifying Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Secure Digital Infrastructure
11.3 Harmonization with International Standards and Best Practices
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Law, Technology, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Implications for National Cybersecurity and Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policy documents, international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Books, scholarly articles, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative charts of national and international network regulations
• Technical or policy excerpts supporting analysis

2411016222

SHIHABUR RAHMAN

“Computer Networks, Digital Governance, and the Law: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006 and Its Impact on Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Data Management”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of research objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance for cybersecurity, e-governance, and data management

Keywords: Computer Networks, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Digital Governance, Data Management, Legal Accountability

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Emergence and Importance of Computer Networks in Bangladesh
1.2 Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Data Management Challenges
1.3 Problem Statement and Research Gap
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Computer Networks under Section 14 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Theoretical Perspectives: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Law and Technology
2.3 Digital Governance and Network Security Concepts
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Landscape

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Legal Recognition and Governance of Computer Networks
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Admissibility and Authentication of Digital Data
3.6 National Cybersecurity and E-Governance Policy Documents
3.7 Institutional and Regulatory Mechanisms

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments Governing Networks and Digital Assets
4.2 Comparative Cyber Law: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, GDPR, UNCITRAL Guidelines
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal Framework and Policy Implementation

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases Related to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
5.2 Comparative Case Law: India, Pakistan, USA, UK
5.3 Legal Recognition, Liability, and Digital Evidence Implications
5.4 Insights into Governance, Compliance, and E-Governance

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in the Definition and Scope of Computer Networks
6.2 Cybersecurity Threats and Emerging Technologies
6.3 Conflicts and Overlaps Between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping Across National and International Legal Frameworks

Chapter VII: Implications for Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Data Management

7.1 Legal Recognition and Governance of Networked Systems
7.2 Digital Evidence: Integrity, Authentication, and Admissibility
7.3 Cybersecurity Compliance and Policy Measures
7.4 Ensuring Data Protection and E-Governance Effectiveness

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Analysis
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Frameworks: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Evaluating Legal Adequacy of Section 14 and Related Provisions
9.2 Interplay Between National and International Cyber Law
9.3 Liability, Compliance, and Governance Considerations
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Convergence
9.5 Future Challenges: AI, Cloud Computing, IoT, and Global Networks

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Bangladesh’s Legal and Policy Framework
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Data Management
10.3 Comparative Lessons from International Best Practices
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Insights

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms for Clarifying Scope and Definition of Computer Networks
11.2 Policy Measures for Strengthening Cybersecurity and Digital Governance
11.3 Harmonization with Global Standards and Best Practices
11.4 Institutional Capacity-Building and Judicial Awareness
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Law, Technology, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Implications for National Cybersecurity, E-Governance, and Data Management

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policy documents, international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Books, scholarly articles, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative Charts of National and International Network Regulations
• Technical or Policy Excerpts Supporting Analysis

2412416223

ALIZABETH CHAKMA

“Legal Recognition, Accountability, and the Role of Subscribers in the Digital Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Examination of Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh and its Implications for Digital Signature Certification, Cybersecurity, and E-Governance Frameworks”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, research methodology, and key findings
• Significance for digital signature governance, subscriber accountability, and e-governance

Keywords: Digital Signature, Subscriber Liability, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, E-Governance, Legal Recognition

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Ecosystem and the Role of Subscribers in Bangladesh
1.2 Significance of Digital Signatures and Subscriber Accountability
1.3 Problem Statement and Research Gap
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance of the Study for Law, Policy, and Technology

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Legal Definition of Subscribers under Section 15 of the ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Conceptualizing Digital Signatures and Certification Authorities
2.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Accountability in Digital Ecosystems
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Landscape

3.1 ICT Act, 2006: Subscriber Obligations and Digital Signature Framework
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Authentication and Admissibility of Digital Records
3.6 National Policies on E-Governance and Cybersecurity
3.7 Regulatory and Institutional Mechanisms for Subscriber Oversight

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Digital Signatures and Cybersecurity
4.2 Comparative Cyber Law: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 Standards and Best Practices: ISO/IEC, UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh’s Legal and Policy Framework

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Cases on Subscriber Accountability and Digital Signatures
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, USA, and UK
5.3 Liability, Compliance, and Digital Evidence Implications
5.4 Insights on Governance, Certification Authorities, and E-Governance

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Subscriber Definition and Obligations
6.2 Cybersecurity Risks Related to Subscriber Misuse
6.3 Overlaps and Conflicts Between ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping Across National and International Laws

Chapter VII: Implications for Digital Signature Certification and E-Governance

7.1 Subscriber Responsibility and Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
7.2 Ensuring Authentication, Integrity, and Admissibility of Digital Records
7.3 Policy Measures for Cybersecurity Compliance
7.4 Strengthening E-Governance and Trust in Digital Ecosystems

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approach
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Frameworks: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Evaluating Legal Adequacy of Section 15 for Subscriber Accountability
9.2 Interplay Between National and International Digital Signature Frameworks
9.3 Compliance, Liability, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Integration
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, Blockchain, and Cloud-Based Digital Signatures

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Subscriber Accountability Provisions
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, Digital Signatures, and E-Governance
10.3 Comparative Insights from International Legal Frameworks
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Takeaways

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms for Clarifying Subscriber Roles and Liabilities
11.2 Policy Measures to Enhance Digital Signature Certification Systems
11.3 Harmonization with Global Standards and Best Practices
11.4 Capacity-Building for Certification Authorities and Regulators
11.5 Future Research Directions

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Law, Technology, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Implications for Subscriber Accountability, Cybersecurity, and E-Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes, national policy documents, international instruments
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Books, scholarly articles, legal commentaries, reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping Tables
• Comparative Charts on Digital Signature Laws
• Technical or Policy Excerpts Supporting Analysis

2410816224

MD. SHAFAYET HOSSAIN ALINDO

“From Digital Identity to Legal Responsibility: An Interdisciplinary and Comparative Analysis of Subscribers under the ICT Act, 2006 in Bangladesh, with Focus on Authentication, Liability, and International Cyber Law Standards”

Table of Contents

Abstract

• Overview of objectives, methodology, and key findings
• Significance for subscriber accountability, digital identity, and e-governance

Keywords: Digital Identity, Subscriber Liability, ICT Act 2006, Cybersecurity, Digital Signature, International Cyber Law

Chapter I: Introduction

1.1 Background: Digital Identity and the Role of Subscribers in Bangladesh
1.2 Importance of Authentication, Liability, and Digital Trust
1.3 Problem Statement and Research Gaps
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Significance for Law, Technology, and Policy

Chapter II: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.1 Defining Subscribers and Digital Identity under ICT Act, 2006
2.2 Legal and Technological Dimensions of Authentication
2.3 Theoretical Approaches to Liability and Responsibility in Cyber Law
2.4 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping

Chapter III: National Legal and Policy Framework

3.1 Section 15 of ICT Act, 2006: Subscriber Obligations and Responsibilities
3.2 Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018)
3.3 Cyber Security Act, 2023 (CSA 2023)
3.4 Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025 (CPO 2025)
3.5 Evidence Act, 1872: Digital Evidence and Admissibility
3.6 National Policies on E-Governance, Digital Identity, and Cybersecurity
3.7 Institutional Mechanisms for Subscriber Oversight

Chapter IV: International and Comparative Perspectives

4.1 Global Legal Instruments on Digital Identity, Authentication, and Cybersecurity
4.2 Comparative Analysis: India, USA, UK, Pakistan, EU
4.3 Cryptocurrency Governance and Cross-Border Digital Transactions
4.4 Lessons for Bangladesh: Legal Harmonization and Best Practices

Chapter V: Judicial Interpretation and Case Law Analysis

5.1 Key Bangladeshi Judicial Decisions on Subscriber Liability and Digital Signatures
5.2 Comparative Case Law from India, Pakistan, USA, and UK
5.3 Legal Recognition, Authentication, and Accountability in Digital Transactions
5.4 Implications for Certification Authorities, Subscribers, and E-Governance

Chapter VI: Legal, Technological, and Policy Challenges

6.1 Ambiguities in Subscriber Definition and Obligations
6.2 Cybersecurity Risks and Liability Exposure
6.3 Overlaps and Conflicts among ICT Act, DSA, CSA, CPO, and Evidence Act
6.4 SWOC Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges
6.5 Conflict Mapping of National vs. International Standards

Chapter VII: Implications for Digital Identity and Cyber Governance

7.1 Subscriber Roles in Ensuring Digital Trust and Legal Recognition
7.2 Ensuring Integrity, Authentication, and Admissibility of Digital Records
7.3 Policy Measures for Subscriber Compliance and Cybersecurity
7.4 Strengthening E-Governance Frameworks and Digital Accountability

Chapter VIII: Research Methodology

8.1 Research Design: Doctrinal, Comparative, and Policy-Oriented Approaches
8.2 Data Sources: Statutes, Judicial Decisions, Scholarly Articles, Reports
8.3 Analytical Tools: Legal Adequacy Matrix, SWOC Grid, Conflict Mapping
8.4 Limitations and Delimitations

Chapter IX: Discussion and Analysis

9.1 Evaluating the Adequacy of Section 15 for Subscriber Accountability
9.2 Interplay Between National and International Cyber Law Standards
9.3 Liability, Compliance, and Governance Implications
9.4 Interdisciplinary Insights: Law, Technology, and Policy Integration
9.5 Emerging Challenges: AI, Blockchain, and Cloud-Based Authentication

Chapter X: Findings

10.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Subscriber Liability Framework
10.2 Implications for Cybersecurity, Digital Signatures, and E-Governance
10.3 Comparative Insights from International Legal Standards
10.4 Policy and Regulatory Recommendations

Chapter XI: Recommendations

11.1 Legal Reforms to Clarify Subscriber Roles and Liabilities
11.2 Policy Measures to Enhance Digital Identity and Certification Systems
11.3 Harmonization with International Cyber Law Standards
11.4 Capacity-Building for Certification Authorities, Regulators, and Subscribers
11.5 Directions for Future Research

Chapter XII: Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.2 Contributions to Legal, Technological, and Policy Scholarship
12.3 Implications for Digital Identity, Subscriber Accountability, and E-Governance

Chapter XIII: References / Bibliography (APA 7th Edition)

• Statutes and national policy documents
• International instruments and standards
• Judicial decisions (DLR, BLD, CLC, MLR, SCOB, BLT, LG, AIR, SCC, PLD, etc.)
• Scholarly articles, books, legal commentaries, and reports

Chapter XIV: Annexures (If Required)

• Legal Adequacy Matrix for Section 15
• SWOC Grid on Subscriber Accountability
• Conflict Mapping: National vs. International Cyber Law Standards
• Technical or policy excerpts supporting analysis